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Article

Metathesis Cyclopolymerization Triggered Self-Assembly of Azobenzene-Containing Nanostructure

by
Wei Song
1,*,
Jiamin Shen
1,
Xiang Li
1,
Jinhui Huang
1,
Liang Ding
1,* and
Jianhua Wu
2,*
1
Department of Polymer and Composite Material, School of Materials Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
2
Department of Materials, College of Physics, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(17), 3767; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173767
Submission received: 24 July 2020 / Revised: 14 August 2020 / Accepted: 15 August 2020 / Published: 19 August 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Azobenzene and Applications: From Catalysis to Biology)
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Abstract

:
Azobenzene (AB) units were successfully introduced into poly(1,6-heptadiyne)s in order to ensure smooth synthesis of double- and single-stranded poly(1,6-heptadiyne)s (P1 and P2) and simultaneously realize the self-assembly by Grubbs-III catalyst-mediated metathesis cyclopolymerization (CP) of AB-functionalized bis(1,6-heptadiyne) and 1,6-heptadiyne monomers (M1 and M2). Monomers and polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy, and GPC techniques. The double-stranded poly(1,6-heptadiyne)s exhibited a large scale of ordered ladder nanostructure. This result was attributed to the π−π attractions between end groups along the longitudinal axis of the polymers and van der Waals interactions between the neighboring polymeric backbones. While the Azo chromophore connected in the side chain of P2 induced conformation of micelles nanostructure during the CP process without any post-treatment. Furthermore, the photoisomerization of Azo units had an obviously different regulatory effect on the conjugated degree of the polymer backbone, especially for the single-stranded P2, which was attributed to the structural differences and the interaction between AB chromophores in the polymers.

1. Introduction

In the past ten years, the fabrication of polymeric nanoscale morphologies by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) method has attracted considerable attention [1,2,3,4,5] because the polymers are synthesized, and the self-assembly of the resulted polymers is completed simultaneously. PISA methods predominantly use radical polymerization processes, such as reversible addition-fragmentation termination (RAFT) polymerization [6,7,8,9]. Metathesis of cyclopolymerization (CP) of terminal 1,6-heptadiynes is one of the most efficient and powerful tools for the synthesis of conjugated polyacetylene. Extensive studies by our group and Choi and Xie have employed CP for the formation of a series of nanostructures in solution, ranging from spheres to vesicles, nanotubes, nanofibers, and ladderphane nanostructures [10,11,12,13,14,15,16].
Azobenzenes (AB)-containing materials have been widely utilized as AB can be reversibly photoisomerized between the trans and cis forms by ultraviolet-visible and light irradiation, which makes various novel optical applications and aggregation morphology adjusting [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Lots of reports have focused on the incorporation of azobenzene chromophores into polymer main chains and side chains to induce diverse topologic structures as functional substituent groups [25,26,27,28]. Our group has reported the morphology and optical control of AB-containing polymers by reversible trans-cis isomerization phenomenon [29,30,31]. Nevertheless, introducing AB units into conjugated polyacetylenes (PAs) and investigating the effect of the AB chromophores on the morphological and photophysical properties of PAs are still rare so far.
Polymeric ladderphane is a step-like structure comprising multiple layers of linkers covalently connected to two or more polymeric backbones [32]. This long-range of ordered morphological patterns result from interactions between phenyl head and ethyl vinyl ether tail end groups via π-π stacking along the longitudinal axis of the polymer and van der Waals interaction between neighboring backbones of polymers [32]. Consequently, ladderphane polymers have greater resistance to irradiation, as well as thermal and chemical degradation, in comparison to their single-stranded counterparts. Meanwhile, in these systems, the ordered parallel line arrays containing planar and rigid π-π structures would promote electron delocalization and improve conjugation degree. Recently, Luh et al. [32,33,34,35,36,37] reported various double-stranded polynorbornenes via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) technique, and multifarious aromatic moieties were designed as the linkers between two main-chains. In addition, we recently reported perylene diimides containing single- and double-stranded PAs by CP method, which generated ordered two-dimensional architecture, greatly improving the overall photophysical properties, such as broadened light absorption, lower LUMO energy level [10]. In this account, more relevant systems should be envisaged to expand the scope of monomers, and AB moieties are then selected as the pendants or linkers for the corresponding single- and double-stranded PAs.
Herein, we designed and synthesized AB-linked bis(1,6-heptadiyne) and 1,6-heptadiyne derivatives as monomers for CP to create double-stranded P1 and the corresponding single-stranded P2 (Scheme 1). The behavior of the trans-cis photoisomerization process and the further influence on the photophysical properties of the PA backbone were also investigated.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis and Characterization of AB-linked 1,6-Heptadiyne Monomers

The AB-linked 1,6-heptadiyne monomers M1 and M2 with different chain lengths were synthesized by classical esterification reaction of 4,4′-dihydroxyazobenzene with compound 1 and Williamson reaction of compound 2 with corresponding aromatic 4-hydroxyazobenzene, as shown in Scheme 1. Monomers M1 and M2 were designed not just because these compounds could be easily synthesized but also because the introduction of AB moiety to ladder architecture together could create new ladder-like conjugated PAs with multi-planner linkers. We believe it is rational and achievable to prepare these ladder-like polymers via CP of AB-linked bis(1,6-heptadiyne) using Ru-III as the catalyst. The structures of M1 and M2 were characterized by 1H NMR and HR-ESIMS spectra. We chose CDCl3 as a solvent for 1H NMR measurement. As shown in Figure 1a of M1, the two multiplet peaks at 7.95–7.84 ppm and 7.54–7.47 ppm were coming from the aromatic region of azobenzene, and the chemical shifts of CH2 protons near to ester group appeared at 4.25–4.17 ppm. The terminal alkyne protons appeared at 2.01–1.97 ppm. The residual protons appeared at 2.94–2.83 ppm, 2.81–2.71 ppm, and 2.24–2.13 ppm for M1. For monomer M2 (Figure S1a), there existed four multiplet peaks at 7.95–7.84, 7.54–7.47, 7.46–7.41, and 7.05–6.98 ppm for AB moiety and triplet peaks at 2.01–1.97 ppm for terminal alkyne protons. Besides, the ratio of the integrated areas of the peaks at 2.01–1.97 ppm and 7.95–7.84 ppm was 1:1 (M1) and 1:2 (M2), respectively, which was consistent with the proton number of the expected compounds. Meanwhile, the ESI–MS data of M+Na were 645.2243 for M1 and 397.1593 for M2, respectively, which matched well with the theoretical calculating values. All these characteristic data confirmed the successful synthesis of AB-linked 1,6-heptadiyne monomers.

2.2. Synthesis and Characterization of AB-Linked Double- and Single-Stranded P1 and P2

With monomers M1 and M2 in hand, the next stage was to synthesize the relative polymers, and the results are collected in Table 1. As an initial attempt, MCP of M1 was carried out in a weakly coordinating solvent Tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 0 °C with a molar feed ratio of M1 to initiator Ru-III ((M)/(I)) of 10 and 40 (Runs 1–4). When Ru-III was added to the solution of M1, the orange color gradually changed to dark-red after 30 min, and finally, a shiny purple-black solid polymer, the double-stranded P1, was obtained by precipitating the mixture from excess acetone in high yield. However, with increasing monomer loading, the higher(M)/(I) ratio of 50 (Runs 5) was attempted with an expectation to obtain higher molecular weight polymers, whereas the maximum degree of polymerization (DP) was only up to 42, even prolonged reaction time to 24 h, and the obtained dried powder solid P1 was no longer soluble in THF, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, and o-dichlorobenzene, which might be attributed to the stronger π-π stacking behavior between AB linkers in molecular chains. Because of the poor re-solubility of P1 in higher molecular weight in these common organic solvents, only P1 in lower molecular weight was characterized by NMR and Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques.
Similarly, for the synthesis of single-stranded P2, when the molar ratio of (M)/(I) was from 25 to 50 (Runs 6–7), the resultant polymer had the highest DP of 48. Increased (M)/(I) ratios from 75 to 100 were then used (Runs 8–9), and the corresponding polymers had slightly higher DPs of 60 and 78 in decreased yields of 80% and 65%, respectively. Contrarily, the obtained dried polymer P2 could be easily re-dissolved in THF, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, and o-dichlorobenzene. The structures of representative polymers were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. As compared with M1, the proton signals at 2.01–1.97 ppm (Figure 1a) assigned to the terminal alkenes disappeared after CP, and a symmetric broad peak observed at 6.52 ppm for the polyene protons (Ha, Figure 1b) on the conjugated double bonds of double-stranded P1, implying that the double bonds of P1 have the same configuration [12,38]. Besides, the broad peaks around 2.58–2.02 ppm were assigned to the saturated protons (Hb+c) of the repeat five-member rings. Similar results were also found for single-stranded polymer P2.

2.3. Morphology of Ordered Ladder Architecture

The TEM images of P1 (Figure 2a,b and Figure S1) showed a well-aligned motif on the copper mesh. Obviously, the ladder conformation was fully verified. It can be seen that lots of black stripes were arranged in parallel with each other. The apparent width of each stripe was about 0.15 nm, which would match nicely to the width of the AB unit in poly(1,6-heptadiyne)-based ladderphanes.
This result illustrated that aromatic AB chromophores would align face-on orientation with respect to the substrate surface. Attempts to observe molecular images for ladderphane nanostructure were unsuccessful because of the negligible contrast between adjacent ladders. The present large scale of ladder architecture indicated that the assembly of the polymeric molecules might also exhibit π−π attractions between end groups (vinyl and styryl) along the longitudinal axis of the polymers and van der Waals interactions between the neighboring polymeric backbones [10], as shown in Figure 2c,d. Interestingly single-stranded P2 (Figure 3) showed micelles morphology with size mostly in the range of 50–80 nm, which is similar to that of azobenzene-based micelles [39]. In the spheres formed by self-assembly, the size observed in Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) increased and was in the range of 60–120 nm, which might be attributed to the solvation of polymer in solution.

2.4. Photoisomerization Behaviors of P1 and P2

UV absorption spectroscopy was performed to provide optical properties of the fully conjugated polymer structure and examine the photoisomerization of AB moiety in the THF solution. In Figure 4a, M1 exhibited strong UV-vis absorption bands at approximately 329 nm, which were attributed to the π–π* transition in AB moiety’s trans-isomer. Meanwhile, weak absorption bands at approximately 437 nm were engendered by an n–π* transition in the AB cis-isomer [9,10]. While, the π–π* and n–π* transition of M2 showed a nearly 15 nm red-shift (Figure 4b), which was possibly induced by the different groups connected to AB moiety. The monomers M1 and M2 achieved a trans-cis photostationary state at the beginning of irradiation within 60 s and 30 s, respectively. While the limited conversion space and the intense restraint between two 1,6-heptadiynes eventually led to incomplete and sluggish trans-cis-trans photoisomerization of M1 (Figure 4a and Figure S2a). It was worth noting that M2 displayed distinctive photoresponse compared with other AB-containing compounds [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], of which trans-cis-trans photoisomerization could complete rapidly without the space restriction and chain constraint, as illustrated (Figure 4b and Figure S2b). Simultaneously, it exhibited a 30 nm blue shift (345 nm to 315 nm) under UV light and a reversible 30 nm redshift (315 nm to 345 nm) under visible light.
However, after the MCP reaction, the newly formed conjugated PAs backbones on P1 and P2 evolved at higher wavelengths 400–650 nm and overlapped with AB cis-isomer, which consequently caused the difficulty to detect trans-cis-trans isomerization. For double-stranded P1, as time proceeded, the original rose-carmine solution gradually faded until colorless within 20 min (Figure S3). Correspondingly, the λmax gradually blue-shifted from 545 nm to 430 nm, and the absorption overall intensity decreased, indicating the shortened conjugated length [10]. Interestingly, the UV−Vis spectra of P2 divided into two periods: Firstly, after UV light irradiation for 5–30 s, significant 50 nm red shift and enhanced overall intensity at 554 nm were obviously observed (Figure 4d). These results suggested the straightening of the polyene backbone, which finally led to an increased conjugated length. Secondly, by extending irradiation time (20 s–40 min), P2 displayed a similar photoresponse with that of P1.

2.5. Thermal Stabilities of P1 and P2

The thermal stability of these single- and double-stranded poly(1,6-heptadiyne)s was investigated by means of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Generally, double-stranded polymers have greater resistance to irradiation, as well as thermal and chemical degradation, in comparison to their single-stranded counterparts [12]. As shown in Figure 5, double-stranded P1 degraded into two steps under a nitrogen atmosphere. The initial decomposition temperature was 304 °C, the second degradation step started at 456 °C, and 10 wt.% loss temperature (Td) reached to 417 °C even when the polymer was heated to 800 °C, and 55% of the weight was still retained, indicating the excellent thermal stability of double-stranded P1 [3a]. While single-stranded P2 began to decompose at 207 °C, Td was only 326 °C, and it retained 25% of its original weight at 800 °C, that is, the half weight of P1 residue, which is also important for the practical application of polymers, especially when they are used under high temperature.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

4-hydroxyazobenzene and 4,4′-dihydroxyazobenzene were purchased from Shanghai DiBo Chemical Technology Co., LTD (Shanghai, China). 4-Hydroxymethyl-1,6-heptadiyne and 2-(2-propinyl)-4-pentynoic acid were prepared by the same method from the previous literature [13]. Dichloro[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)bis(3-bromopyridine)ruthenium(II) (Grubbs third-generation catalyst, Ru-III), succinic anhydride, and 3-Bromo-1-propanol were obtained from Aldrich. Ethyl vinyl ether (stabilized with 0.1% N,N-diethylaniline) was purchased from Acros. 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and 1-(3-dimethylaminoprop-yl)-3-ethylcarbodiimidehydrochloride (EDCI·HCl) were purchased from Energy Chemical (Shanghai, China). All reactions were carried out under a dry nitrogen atmosphere using standard Schlenk-line techniques. Solvents were distilled over drying agents under nitrogen prior to use: dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) from calcium hydride, THF from sodium wire. All solvents and other chemical reagents were purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and used as received without any further treatment. 1H (500 MHz) spectra were recorded using tetramethylsilane as an internal standard on a Bruker DPX spectrometer. The HR-ESIMS was measured by a Bruker QTOF micromass spectrometer. UV-vis absorption spectra were measured on a UV-1800 spectrometer. GPC was used to calculate relative molecular weight and molecular weight distribution equipped with a Waters 1515 Isocratic HPLC pump, a Waters 2414 refractive index detector, and a set of Waters Styragel columns (7.8 × 300 mm, 5 mm bead size; 103, 104, and 105 Å pore size). GPC measurements were carried out using THF as the eluent with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The system was calibrated with a polystyrene standard. UV–Vis absorption spectra were measured on an Agilent Cary 60 spectrometer (Agilent Technologies Inc., California, CA, USA). The UV irradiation was carried out with an 8 W × 4 UV lamp with the wavelength at 365 nm. TGA was performed using an SDTA851e/SF/1100 TGA Instrument under nitrogen flow at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 50 to 800 °C. Samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were prepared by depositing a drop of the solution (1 mg/mL) on a carbon-coated Cu grid, and TEM images were recorded on the JEOL2100F microscope operating at 120 kV (Japan Electronics Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

3.2. Synthesis of Compound 1

To a solution of 4-hydroxymethyl-1,6-heptadiyne (6.1 g, 50 mmol) in 60 mL of CH2Cl2, succinic anhydride (6 g, 60 mmol) and DMAP (1.22 g, 10 mmol) were added and stirred under an N2 atmosphere for 24 h at room temperature. The CH2Cl2 phase was washed with 1 M HCl and saturated saltwater until the water phase reached neutrality. After that, the CH2Cl2 solvent was evaporated, and the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (1:5) as eluent. The compound 1 was obtained as a yellow sticky liquid (10.2 g, 89%); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, ppm): δ 8.87 (s, 1H, -COOH), 4.21 (d, 2H, -CH2O°C-), 2.72 (m, 2H, -CH2COOH), 2.65 (m, 2H, -CH2CH2COO-), 2.39 (m, 4H, -CHCH2C≡CH), 2.15 (m, 1H, -CH2CHCH2-), 2.03 (t, 2H, C≡CH).

3.3. Synthesis of AB-Linked Bis(1,6-heptadiyne) Monomer M1

Compound 1 (1.66 g, 8 mmol) was firstly dissolved in 50 mL of anhydrous CH2Cl2. To this solution, 4,4′-dihydroxyazobenzene (0.80 g, 3.5 mmol), EDCI·HCl (2.20 g, 12 mmol), and DMAP (0.09 g, 0.8 mmol) were added under an N2 atmosphere in an ice-water bath for 1 h, and then the reaction progress proceeded at room temperature and was monitored by TLC. After 4 days, the mixture was evaporated to remove CH2Cl2 and then poured to 400 mL of water to precipitate dark red solid. The solid was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH2Cl2 as eluent. The product M1 was obtained as an orange needle-like powder (1.49 g, 70%, Rf value is 0.35); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, ppm): δ 7.95–7.84 (m, 4H, CHCN=N), 7.54–7.47 (m, 4H, °CCH), 4.25–4.17 (m, 4H, CO°CH2), 2.94–2.83 (t, 4H, CH2°C°CH2CH2), 2.81–2.71 (t, 4H, CH2°C°CH2CH2), 2.47–2.31 (t, 8H, CHCCH2), 2.24–2.13 (m, 2H, CHCH2O), 2.01–1.97 (t, 4H, CHCCH2); ESI-MS: Calcd. For C36H34N2O8 Na [M+Na]+: 645.2315, Found: 645.2243.

3.4. Synthesis of Compound 2

To a solution of 2-(2-propinyl)-4-pentynoic acid (4.08 g, 30 mmol) and 3-Bromo-1-propanol (4.17 g, 30 mmol) in 50 mL anhydrous CH2Cl2, EDCI·HCl (4.35 g, 36 mmol) and DMAP (0.47 g, 0.4 mmol) were added under stirring at ice-water bath for 2 h, and then the reaction progress proceeded at room temperature and was monitored by TLC. After 1 day, the mixture was washed with water, dried with MgSO4, and evaporated to remove CH2Cl2. The solid was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH2Cl2/petroleum ether (1:1) as eluent. The product 2 was obtained as sticky liquid and used without any further characterization (6.9 g, 90%) except for ESI-MS. ESI-MS: Calcd. For C11H13O2BrNa [M + Na]+: 279.0099, Found: 279.0107.

3.5. Synthesis of AB-Linked 1,6-Heptadiyne Monomer M2

4-hydroxyazobenzene (1.58 g, 8 mmol), potassium carbonate (6.21 g, 45 mmol), and 40 mL of N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) were charged into a 250 mL Schlenk flask. The reaction mixture was heated at 80 °C for 8 h under nitrogen atmosphere, allowing for the formation of potassium salt. A solution of compound 2 (3.07 g, 12 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF was then added dropwise to the above mixture. After 24 h of stirring at 60 °C, the reaction mixture was poured into excess water, and the crude product was precipitated out and further purified by chromatographic purification (silica gel, CH2Cl2/petroleum ether 1:2) to give yellow solid (2.42 g, 82%, Rf value is 0.54). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, ppm): δ 7.95–7.84 (m, 4H, N=NCCHCHCH), 7.54–7.47 (m, 2H, N=NCCHCHCH), 7.46–7.41 (m, 1H, N=NCCHCHCH), 7.05–6.98 (m, 2H, °CCH), 4.42–4.35 (t, 2H, CH2OAr), 4.20–4.12 (t, 2H, CO°CH2), 2.85–2.74 (m, 1H, °C°CH), 2.68–2.62 (m, 4H, CH2CHCOO), 2.24–2.15 (m, 2H, °CH2CH2CH2O), 2.01–1.97 (t, 2H, CHCCH2); ESI-MS: Calcd. For C23H22N2O3 Na [M + Na]+: 397.1630, Found: 397.1593.

3.6. General Procedure for Polymerization

Typically, polymerization was carried out in a Schlenk tube under nitrogen atmosphere at 0 °C in THF for a preset time. After confirming the monomer conversion by TLC, a small amount of ethyl vinyl ether was added to the mixture and stirred for 0.5–3 h; the reaction mixture was concentrated and poured into an excess of acetone. The dark red polymer was washed successively with acetone and dried in a vacuum oven at 40 °C to a constant weight.

3.6.1. Synthesis of AB-Linked Double-Stranded P1

A typical polymerization procedure using Ru-III initiator was as follows: A 100 mL Schlenk tube was charged with monomer 1 (124 mg, 0.12 mmol) dissolved in 40 mL of THF. In another 10 mL Schlenk tube, Ru-III (11 mg, 0.012 mmol) was dissolved in THF (1 mL). After degassing with three freeze-vacuum-thaw cycles, the catalyst solution of Ru-III was then injected into the monomer solution via a syringe under vigorous stirring at 0 °C for 0.5 h. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, ppm): δ 7.87–7.71 (m, N=NCCHCHCH), 7.49–7.25 (m, N=NCCHCH), 6.52 (s, conjugated CH=CH on the backbone), 4.37–4.12 (m, CO°CH2), 3.23–2.67 (m, °C°CH2CH2COO), 2.58–2.02 (m, CH2CHCH2).

3.6.2. Synthesis of AB-Linked Single-Stranded P2

The synthesis of AB-linked single-stranded P2 was similar to that of P1. Monomer M2 (112 mg, 0.3 mmol) and Ru-III (13 mg, 15 μmol) were stirred in 1 mL of THF at 0 °C for 3 h. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, ppm): δ 7.93–7.81 (m, N=NCCHCHCH), 7.49–7.34 (m, N=NCCHCHCH), 6.9–6.84 (m, °CCHCH), 6.52 (s, conjugated CH=CH on the backbone), 4.4–4.02 (m, °CH2CH2CH2O), 3.2–2.71 (m, CH2CHCH2 on the five-member ring), 2.2–1.92 (m, °CH2CH2CH2O).

4. Conclusions

In summary, we demonstrated double-stranded poly(1,6-heptadiyne) and single-stranded poly(1,6-heptadiyne) using AB chromophore via CP reaction. This methodology enabled us to obtain the poly(1,6-heptadiyne)s with controlled nanostructure, good solubility, wide absorption range, and good thermal stability. The double-stranded P1 self-associated through π-π interaction to produce controlled ladderphane nanostructures, and the single-stranded P2 formed micelles. The structures and properties of these polymers were characterized fully by spectroscopic means. The M1 and M2 showed characteristic trans-cis-trans photoisomerization upon irradiation with 365 nm UV light and visible light. After CP reaction, the newly formed conjugated PAs backbones on P1 and P2 broadened UV-Vis absorption range to 650 nm; because of the photo-oxidation and loss of the conjugation in the backbone, the trans-cis-trans photoisomerization could hardly be observed. Further improvement of film-forming property and investigation on the photovoltaic performance of polymers are still underway in our laboratory.

Supplementary Materials

The Supplementary Materials are available online. Figure S1: TEM image of double-stranded P1, Figure S2: UV–Vis spectra changes for the diluted AB-incorporated (a) M1 and P1, (b) M2 and P2 solutions under UV light irradiation, Figure S3. Pictures for conjugated polymers in THF solution: (a) before UV light irradiation and (b) after UV light irradiation.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.D.; methodology, J.H.; software, J.W.; formal analysis, X.L.; investigation, J.S.; resources, W.S.; data curation, W.S.; writing—original draft preparation, J.S., W.S.; writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Initial Scientific Research Foundation of Yancheng Institute of Technology, grant number No. XJ201716; National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 21801217, 21774107, and 21764006; Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, grant number No.2017JJ3256; Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department, grant number No.17B213.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank M.R. Xie for providing polymer testing and other enthusiastic help.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
Molecules 25 03767 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of P1 and P2 via cyclopolymerization (CP).
Scheme 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of P1 and P2 via cyclopolymerization (CP).
Molecules 25 03767 sch001
Molecules 25 03767 g001 550
Figure 1. 1H NMR spectra for monomer M1, M2 (a,b) and the corresponding polymer P1, P2 (c,d) in CDCl3.
Figure 1. 1H NMR spectra for monomer M1, M2 (a,b) and the corresponding polymer P1, P2 (c,d) in CDCl3.
Molecules 25 03767 g001
Molecules 25 03767 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) TEM image (a,b) and the schematic illustration of double-stranded P1 (c,d).
Figure 2. (a) TEM image (a,b) and the schematic illustration of double-stranded P1 (c,d).
Molecules 25 03767 g002
Molecules 25 03767 g003 550
Figure 3. TEM image and the schematic illustration of double-stranded P1.
Figure 3. TEM image and the schematic illustration of double-stranded P1.
Molecules 25 03767 g003
Molecules 25 03767 g004 550
Figure 4. UV–Vis spectra changes for the diluted azobenzene (AB)-incorporated (a) M1, (b) M2, (c) double-stranded P1, and (d) single-stranded P2 solutions under UV light irradiation.
Figure 4. UV–Vis spectra changes for the diluted azobenzene (AB)-incorporated (a) M1, (b) M2, (c) double-stranded P1, and (d) single-stranded P2 solutions under UV light irradiation.
Molecules 25 03767 g004
Molecules 25 03767 g005 550
Figure 5. TGA curves for double-stranded P1 and single-stranded P2.
Figure 5. TGA curves for double-stranded P1 and single-stranded P2.
Molecules 25 03767 g005
Table
Table 1. Polymerization Data for the Resultant Polymers.
Table 1. Polymerization Data for the Resultant Polymers.
RunPolymer(M)/(I)Mn a
(kDa)		PDI aDP bYield
(%)
1P110:16.71.010100
2P120:112.311.220100
3P130:118.111.32992
4P140:123.711.43884
5P1 c50:126.111.44279
6P225:19.411.226100
7P250:118.711.35298
8P275:128.111.46080
9P2100:137.411.47865
a Determined by GPC in THF relative to monodispersed polystyrene standards; b Degree of polymerization; c Polymerization conditions: 0 °C, 24 h, [M] = 3 × 10-3 mol/L in THF.

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Song, W.; Shen, J.; Li, X.; Huang, J.; Ding, L.; Wu, J. Metathesis Cyclopolymerization Triggered Self-Assembly of Azobenzene-Containing Nanostructure. Molecules 2020, 25, 3767. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173767

AMA Style

Song W, Shen J, Li X, Huang J, Ding L, Wu J. Metathesis Cyclopolymerization Triggered Self-Assembly of Azobenzene-Containing Nanostructure. Molecules. 2020; 25(17):3767. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173767

Chicago/Turabian Style

Song, Wei, Jiamin Shen, Xiang Li, Jinhui Huang, Liang Ding, and Jianhua Wu. 2020. "Metathesis Cyclopolymerization Triggered Self-Assembly of Azobenzene-Containing Nanostructure" Molecules 25, no. 17: 3767. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173767

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