Essential Oil Compositions of Three Invasive Conyza Species Collected in Vietnam and Their Larvicidal Activities against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Essential Oil Compositions
2.2. Mosquito Larvicidal Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Plant Material
3.3. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
3.4. Mosquito Larvicidal Assay
3.5. Non-Target Insecticidal Assay
3.6. Data Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the Conyza essential oils are no longer available. |
RIcalc a | RIdb b | Compound | Relative Content % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. bonariensis | C. canadensis | C. sumatrensis | |||
931 | 932 | α-Pinene | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
948 | 950 | Camphene | tr c | --- | --- |
967 | 972 | (3Z)-Octen-2-ol | --- | --- | tr |
971 | 972 | Sabinene | tr | 0.1 | 0.1 |
976 | 978 | β-Pinene | 0.8 | 8.8 | 3.0 |
982 | 984 | 6-Methylhept-5-en-2-one | --- | --- | tr |
987 | 989 | Myrcene | tr | 1.2 | 1.0 |
1023 | 1025 | p-Cymene | tr | 0.3 | 0.1 |
1028 | 1030 | Limonene | 0.2 | 41.5 | 25.5 |
1030 | 1031 | β-Phellandrene | --- | tr | --- |
1034 | 1034 | (Z)-β-Ocimene | --- | --- | tr |
1044 | 1045 | (E)-β-Ocimene | --- | tr | 1.9 |
1049 | 1051 | 2,3,6-Trimethylhepta-1,5-diene | --- | tr | --- |
1056 | 1057 | γ-Terpinene | --- | tr | --- |
1088 | 1091 | p-Cymenene | --- | 0.1 | --- |
1090 | 1091 | Rosefuran | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1093 | 1097 | α-Pinene oxide | --- | --- | 0.2 |
1097 | 1098 | Perillene | --- | 0.1 | --- |
1098 | 1101 | Linalool | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1101 | 1101 | 6-Methyl-3,5-heptadien-2-one | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1103 | 1104 | Nonanal | tr | --- | --- |
1112 | 1113 | 4,8-Dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene | --- | --- | 0.2 |
1118 | 1119 | endo-Fenchol | tr | --- | --- |
1120 | 1121 | trans-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol | --- | 0.9 | 0.2 |
1124 | 1131 | Cyclooctanone | --- | 0.8 | --- |
1129 | 1130 | 4-Acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene | --- | 0.1 | --- |
1131 | 1132 | cis-Limonene oxide | --- | 0.6 | 0.2 |
1134 | 1137 | cis-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol | --- | 1.2 | 0.3 |
1135 | 1137 | trans-Limonene oxide | --- | 0.6 | --- |
1137 | 1137 | Nopinone | --- | 0.4 | --- |
1137 | 1139 | (E)-Myroxide | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1139 | 1141 | trans-Pinocarveol | tr | 1.6 | 0.1 |
1150 | 1152 | Citronellal | --- | 0.1 | --- |
1160 | 1164 | Pinocarvone | --- | 0.8 | tr |
1170 | 1170 | Borneol | tr | --- | --- |
1177 | 1179 | 2-Isopropenyl-5-methylhex-4-enal | --- | 0.3 | --- |
1182 | 1184 | p-Methylacetophenone | --- | 0.3 | --- |
1185 | 1185 | Cryptone | --- | 0.4 | --- |
1185 | 1187 | trans-p-Mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol | --- | 0.2 | --- |
1189 | 1190 | Methyl salicylate | tr | --- | --- |
1193 | 1195 | α-Terpineol | 0.1 | --- | 0.1 |
1193 | 1196 | Myrtenal | --- | 1.4 | --- |
1194 | 1195 | Myrtenol | --- | 1.2 | --- |
1196 | 1197 | Methyl chavicol (=Estragol) | --- | 0.2 | --- |
1198 | 1201 | cis-Piperitol | --- | 0.8 | 0.1 |
1206 | 1207 | Oct-3E-enyl acetate | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1217 | 1218 | trans-Carveol | --- | 3.8 | 0.2 |
1227 | 1228 | cis-p-Mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol | --- | 0.1 | --- |
1230 | 1232 | cis-Carveol | --- | 1.1 | 0.1 |
1242 | 1242 | Carvone | --- | 3.8 | 0.2 |
1247 | 1249 | Linalyl acetate | tr | --- | --- |
1266 | 1270 | iso-Piperitenone | --- | 0.6 | --- |
1273 | 1277 | Perilla aldehyde | --- | 0.5 | --- |
1287 | 1287 | Limonene dioxide | --- | 0.7 | --- |
1296 | 1299 | Perilla alcohol | --- | 0.4 | --- |
1303 | --- | Unidentified d | --- | 1.1 | --- |
1316 | 1324 | Limonene hydroperoxide | --- | 1.1 | --- |
1343 | 1346 | Limonene-1,2-diol | --- | 2.6 | --- |
1344 | 1349 | 7-epi-Silphiperfol-5-ene | --- | --- | 0.3 |
1345 | 1349 | α-Cubebene | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1355 | 1340 | p-Mentha-6,8-diene-2-hydroperoxide | --- | 1.2 | --- |
1367 | 1371 | α-Ylangene | tr | --- | --- |
1374 | 1375 | α-Copaene | 4.5 | --- | 0.1 |
1376 | 1380 | Daucene | --- | --- | 0.4 |
1377 | 1374 | Isoledene | --- | --- | 0.3 |
1379 | 1382 | Modheph-2-ene | --- | --- | 0.4 |
1381 | 1382 | β-Bourbonene | tr | --- | --- |
1385 | 1387 | β-Cubebene | 0.4 | --- | 0.1 |
1386 | 1385 | α-Isocomene | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1387 | 1390 | β-Elemene | 0.3 | --- | 0.4 |
1392 | 1394 | Sativene | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1398 | 1405 | (Z)-Caryophyllene | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1404 | 1406 | α-Gurjunene | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1408 | 1411 | β-Isocomene | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1418 | 1417 | (E)-Caryophyllene | 13.3 | --- | 5.5 |
1427 | 1430 | β-Copaene | 0.2 | --- | 0.2 |
1430 | 1433 | trans-α-Bergamotene | --- | --- | 1.1 |
1432 | 1440 | 6,9-Guaiadiene | --- | --- | 0.2 |
1433 | 1436 | α-Guaiene | 1.8 | --- | --- |
1436 | 1438 | Aromadendrene | 0.2 | --- | 0.1 |
1445 | 1449 | (E)-Lachnophyllum acid | --- | --- | 0.2 |
1451 | 1452 | (E)-β-Farnesene | --- | --- | 6.7 |
1453 | 1454 | α-Humulene | 5.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 |
1457 | 1463 | cis-Cadina-1(6),4-diene | --- | --- | 0.4 |
1460 | 1458 | allo-Aromadendrene | 41.2 | --- | --- |
1469 | --- | Unidentified e | --- | --- | 1.3 |
1472 | 1472 | trans-Cadina-1(6),4-diene | 0.5 | --- | 0.2 |
1476 | 1479 | α-Amorphene | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1478 | 1483 | Germacrene D | 0.3 | --- | 2.1 |
1481 | 1483 | trans-β-Bergamotene | --- | --- | 0.2 |
1486 | 1489 | β-Selinene | 0.5 | --- | --- |
1488 | 1491 | Viridiflorene | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1492 | 1497 | Bicyclogermacrene | --- | --- | 0.3 |
1493 | 1497 | α-Selinene | 0.3 | --- | --- |
1495 | 1497 | α-Muurolene | 0.4 | --- | 0.1 |
1498 | 1505 | α-Bulnesene | 1.8 | --- | --- |
1501 | 1505 | (E,E)-α-Farnesene | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1504 | 1514 | (Z)-Lachnophyllum acid | --- | 0.2 | 0.8 |
1507 | 1510 | (E)-Lachnophyllum ester | --- | --- | 0.4 |
1510 | 1512 | γ-Cadinene | 0.4 | --- | 0.1 |
1515 | 1515 | (Z)-Lachnophyllum ester | --- | 5.5 | 20.7 |
1515 | 1518 | δ-Cadinene | 0.6 | --- | --- |
1518 | 1519 | trans-Calamenene | 0.3 | --- | --- |
1521 | 1523 | β-Sesquiphellandrene | --- | --- | 0.3 |
1531 | 1532 | Tridec-11-yn-1-ol | --- | --- | 0.3 |
1533 | 1538 | α-Cadinene | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1538 | 1541 | α-Calacorene | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1556 | 1557 | Germacrene B | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1558 | 1560 | (E)-Nerolidol | --- | 0.2 | 1.8 |
1559 | 1564 | β-Calacorene | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1565 | 1566 | 1,5-Epoxysalvial-4(14)-ene | --- | --- | 0.2 |
1566 | 1568 | Dendrolasin | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1567 | 1567 | Palustrol | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1574 | 1576 | Spathulenol | 1.3 | --- | 5.2 |
1580 | 1577 | Caryophyllene oxide | 12.2 | 1.1 | 5.8 |
1582 | 1590 | Globulol | 0.4 | --- | 0.5 |
1589 | 1593 | Salvial-4(14)-en-1-one | --- | 0.1 | 0.2 |
1590 | 1594 | Viridiflorol | 0.8 | --- | 0.3 |
1593 | 1599 | Cubeban-11-ol | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1599 | 1601 | Carotol | --- | --- | 1.1 |
1601 | 1605 | Ledol | 0.6 | --- | --- |
1606 | 1611 | Humulene epoxide II | 2.2 | 2.9 | 0.4 |
1624 | 1628 | 1-epi-Cubenol | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1629 | 1629 | iso-Spathulenol | --- | --- | 0.6 |
1633 | 1635 | Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5β-ol | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1635 | 1632 | Muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1β-ol | --- | --- | 0.7 |
1638 | 1643 | τ-Cadinol | 0.2 | --- | 0.4 |
1640 | 1644 | τ-Muurolol | 0.1 | --- | 0.3 |
1643 | 1643 | α-Muurolol | 0.2 | --- | --- |
1643 | 1644 | allo-Aromadendrene epoxide | --- | 0.3 | --- |
1652 | 1655 | α-Cadinol | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
1655 | 1655 | Eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1α-ol | --- | --- | 0.1 |
1661 | 1664 | cis-Calamenen-10-ol | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1666 | 1666 | 14-Hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1669 | 1677 | Cadalene | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1686 | 1685 | Eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1β-ol | --- | 0.4 | 0.1 |
1698 | 1704 | cis-Thujopsenol | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1717 | --- | Unidentified f | --- | 1.0 | --- |
1738 | 1740 | 8α,11-Elemodiol | 0.1 | --- | --- |
1751 | 1748 | Khusimol | 1.5 | --- | --- |
1790 | 1792 | 14-Hydroxy-δ-cadinene | --- | --- | 0.2 |
1800 | --- | Unidentified g | 1.1 | --- | --- |
1833 | 1836 | Neophytadiene | --- | --- | 0.2 |
1857 | 1860 | Platambin | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
1882 | 1884 | Corymbolone | 0.2 | --- | --- |
2103 | 2102 | Phytol | tr | --- | 0.1 |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 1.5 | 52.7 | 31.8 | ||
Oxygenated monoterpenoids | 0.3 | 26.4 | 1.9 | ||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 73.7 | 0.3 | 20.7 | ||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids | 21.3 | 5.7 | 18.5 | ||
Diterpenoids | trace | --- | 0.4 | ||
Others | trace | 7.2 | 22.9 | ||
Total Identified | 96.8 | 92.3 | 96.1 |
Conyza Species (Collection Site) | Major Components (>5%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO (Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil) | limonene (6.9%), (E)-caryophyllene (14.4%), (E)-β-farnesene (23.3%), germacrene D (15.3%), bicyclogermacrene (8.3%), spathulenol (7.6%) | [40] |
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO (Melgaço, Pará, Brazil) | limonene (22.9%), (E)-caryophyllene (13.3%), trans-α-bergamotene (5.3%), (E)-β-farnesene (20.1%), bicyclogermacrene (6.6%), spathulenol (6.3%) | [40] |
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO (Peixe-Boi, Pará, Brazil) | (E)-caryophyllene (13.3%), trans-α-bergamotene (8.1%), (E)-β-farnesene (30.9%) | [40] |
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO (alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil) | limonene (12.6%), (E)-caryophyllene (13.0%), (E)-β-farnesene (19.1%), germacrene D (13.2%), bicyclogermacrene (6.3%), spathulenol (5.7%) | [40] |
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO (Macapá, Amapá, Brazil) | limonene (58.4%), (E)-β-farnesene (7.0%) | [40] |
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) | limonene (45.0%), (E)-β-ocimene (13.0%), (E)-β-farnesene (6.6%), germacrene D (6.4%) | [41] |
C. bonariensis leaf EO (Minas Gerais State, Brazil) | limonene (29.6%), trans-α-bergamotene (10.3%), matricaria methyl ester (8.3%), β-copaen-4α-ol (7.4%) | [42] |
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO (Athens, Greece) | limonene (8.3%), (E)-β-ocimene (11.5%), (E)-β-farnesene (8.1%), (Z)-lachnophyllum ester (21.2%), matricaria ester (17.5%) | [43] |
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO (Southwestern Misiones Province, Argentina) | limonene (13.5%), (E)-β-ocimene (13.3%), p-mentha-1,3,8-triene (5.2%), germacrene D (14.6%), bicyclogermacrene (6.6%) | [44] |
C. bonariensis leaf EO (Monastir, Tunisia) | limonene (5.8%), terpinolene (5.3%), (E)-β-farnesene (7.5%), matricaria ester (17.8%), caryophyllene oxide (7.8%) | [45] |
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO (Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy) | limonene (5.1%), carvacrol (9.8%), α-curcumene (10.2%), spathulenol (18.6%), caryophyllene oxide (18.7%), neophytadiene (6.1%) | [46] |
C. bonariensis leaf EO (Mérida State, Venezuela) | limonene (5.1%), (Z)-β-ocimene (5.1%), (E)-β-ocimene (20.7%), (E)-β-farnesene (37.8%), α-farnesene (5.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.8%) | [47] |
C. bonariensis leaf EO (Kabianga, Kericho, Kenya) | β-pinene (5.4%), limonene (8.3%), 2,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-1,5-dimethyl-1H-indene-3-carboxaldehyde (49.1%) a | [48] |
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO (Parana State, Brazil) | limonene (66.3%), 2-heptyl acetate (6.9%) | [49] |
C. bonariensis aerial parts EO | (E)-caryophyllene (13.3%), α-humulene (5.4%), allo-aromadendrene (41.2%), caryophyllene oxide (12.2%) | this work |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Plovdiv, Bulgaria) | limonene (77.7–89.4%) | [50] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Łódź, Poland) | limonene (76.3%) | [51] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Alps, France) | limonene (83.2%) | [51] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Rome, Italy) | limonene (70.3%), (E)-β-ocimene (5.5%) | [51] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Seville, Spain) | limonene (51.4%), (E)-β-ocimene (13.4%), trans-α-bergamotene (11.9%) | [51] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Belgium) | limonene (68.0%), (E)-β-ocimene (5.1%), trans-α-bergamotene (5.4%), germacrene D (7.3%) (Z,Z)-matricaria ester (6.1%) | [51] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Plovdiv, Bulgaria) | limonene (87.9%) | [51] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Vilnius, Lithuania) | limonene (77.7%), trans-α-bergamotene (5.5%) | [51] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Israel) | limonene (54.9%), (Z)-β-farnesene (6.3%) (Z,Z)-matricaria ester (7.7%) | [51] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Kerman, Iran) | myrcene (8.9%), limonene (12.3%), (E)-β-farnesene (14.6%), ar-curcumene (7.8%), zingiberene (5.5%), spathulenol (14.1%), isospathulenol (7.7%), phytol (7.3%) | [52] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Athens, Greece) | β-pinene (9.5%), limonene (57.3%), matricaria ester (14.4%) | [43] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Korea) | limonene (68.3%), (E)-β-ocimene (15.9%) b | [53] |
C. canadensis EO (China) | limonene (14.8%), epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (11.0%), C7H30B4Si (25.1%) c, 1-phenyl-1-nonyne (7.3%) | [54] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Szeged, Hungary) | limonene (79.2%) | [55] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO (Manavgat, Antalya, Turkey) | β-pinene (9.7%), limonene (28.1%), spathulenol (16.3%) | [56] |
C. canadensis aerial parts EO | β-pinene (8.8%), limonene (41.5%), (Z)-lachnophyllum ester (5.5%) | this work |
C. sumatrensis aerial parts EO (Rondôndia state, Brazil) | sabinene (5.3%), limonene (22.9%), (E)-β-ocimene (5.0%), (E)-β-farnesene (5.3%), (Z)-lachnophyllum ester (43.7%) | [57] |
C. sumatrensis leaf EO (N’gorato village, Côte d’Ivoire) | limonene (13.0%), (E)-β-ocimene (6.5%), (E)-caryophyllene (10.5%), (E)-β-farnesene (17.0%), (Z)-lachnophyllum ester (5.9%), germacrene D (13.6%), bicyclogermacrene (5.2%) | [58] |
C. sumatrensis leaf EO (Monastir, Tunisia) | matricaria ester (7.5%), spathulenol (13.8%), caryophyllene oxide (20.5%) | [59] |
C. sumatrensis aerial parts EO | limonene (25.5%), (E)-caryophyllene (5.5%), (E)-β-farnesene (6.7%), (Z)-lachnophyllum ester (20.7%), spathulenol (5.2%), caryophyllene oxide (5.8%) | this work |
24 h | |||||
Essential Oil or Major Compound | LC50 (95% Limits), μg/mL | LC90 (95% Limits), μg/mL | χ2 | p | Slope |
Aedes aegypti | |||||
C. bonariensis | 69.71 (64.82–75.36) | 88.61 (82.13–97.54) | 9.39 | 0.009 | 9.45 |
C. canadensis | 9.801 (8.730–10.986) | 23.27 (19.93–28.36) | 8.70 | 0.069 | 12.18 |
C. sumatrensis | 21.74 (20.16–23.36) | 31.02 (28.29–35.50) | 0.131 | 0.988 | 7.98 |
β-Pinene | 23.63 (22.16-25.33) | 32.12 (29.47-36.00) | 0.225 | 0.994 | 7.69 |
Limonene | 17.66 (16.45–18.97) | 23.62 (22.03–25.73) | 0.784 | 0.941 | 10.68 |
(E)-Caryophyllene | 70.80 (65.49–76.69 | 107.2 (98.4–118.6) | 4.08 | 0.395 | 12.75 |
α-Humulene | 53.05 (48.69–58.08) | 82.78 (75.81–91.87) | 15.9 | 0.003 | 12.79 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 136.6 (129.2–143.9) | 180.2 (171.4–191.2) | 30.1 | 0.000 | 12.37 |
Permethrin control | 0.000643 (0.000551–0.00753) | 0.00246 (0.00192–0.00344) | 12.5 | 0.006 | 11.57 |
Aedes albopictusa | |||||
C. bonariensis | 81.13 (74.61–87.97) | 127.1 (117.5–139.9) | 0.395 | 0.821 | 11.44 |
C. canadensis | 18.04 (16.71–19.52) | 26.20 (24.22–28.82) | 1.46 | 0.834 | 11.30 |
C. sumatrensis | 19.13 (17.73–20.66) | 27.49 (25.41–30.38) | 3.19 | 0.364 | 9.97 |
Permethrin control | 0.0024 (0.0021–0.0026) | 0.0042 (0.0038–0.0049) | 4.64 | 0.031 | 8.45 |
Culex quinquefasciatus | |||||
C. bonariensis | 130.0 (122.5–138.8) | 178.4 (165.6–197.2) | 0.675 | 0.713 | 8.97 |
C. canadensis | 39.37 (36.83–42.00) | 52.29 (49.04–56.56) | 0.493 | 0.974 | 10.49 |
C. sumatrensis | 26.74 (24.80–29.20) | 36.83 (33.56–41.92) | 8.97 | 0.030 | 7.96 |
β-Pinene | 30.46 (28.21–33.21) | 41.58 (38.10–46.58) | 0.399 | 0.983 | 9.38 |
Limonene | 31.63 (29.37–34.50) | 41.51 (38.03–46.78) | 0.874 | 0.928 | 8.23 |
(E)-Caryophyllene | 165.4 (157.5–174.0) | 220.6 (207.8–238.5) | 10.0 | 0.040 | 9.91 |
α-Humulene | 108.3 (101.4–115.5) | 158.2 (148.5–170.5) | 1.0 | 0.910 | 13.32 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 98.52 (90.70–108.68) | 144.5 (129.6–165.7) | 1.60 | 0.809 | 9.20 |
Permethrin control | 0.0165 (0.0149–0.0181) | 0.0305 (0.0266–0.0367) | 5.24 | 0.073 | 10.12 |
Diplonychus rusticusa | |||||
C. canadensis | 135.7 (129.3–142.8) | 182.5 (172.6–195.5) | 7.78 | 0.051 | 12.35 |
C. sumatrensis | 111.0 (106.1–116.7) | 137.0 (129.5–147.6) | 16.1 | 0.001 | 9.85 |
48 h | |||||
Essential Oil or Major Compound | LC50 (95% Limits), μg/mL | LC90 (95% Limits), μg/mL | χ2 | p | Slope |
Aedes aegypti | |||||
C. bonariensis | 63.85 (59.07–70.75) | 81.84 (74.16–94.79) | 3.43 | 0.180 | 6.89 |
C. canadensis | 7.091 (6.099–8.141) | 22.46 (18.63–28.59) | 5.98 | 0.201 | 11.63 |
C. sumatrensis | 22.52 (21.18–23.87) | 29.00 (27.23–31.68) | 0.0488 | 0.997 | 10.12 |
β-Pinene | 22.91 (21.29–24.85) | 31.37 (29.03–35.03) | 0.323 | 0.988 | 9.08 |
Limonene | 17.43 (16.24–18.74) | 23.17 (21.58–25.28) | 0.664 | 0.956 | 10.48 |
(E)-Caryophyllene | 65.92 (60.45–72.08) | 106.4 (98.4–116.7) | 14.2 | 0.007 | 13.10 |
α-Humulene | 46.25 (42.27–50.94) | 74.14 (67.47–82.99) | 19.2 | 0.001 | 12.21 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 120.2 (112.7–127.5) | 165.4 (156.4–176.6) | 19.8 | 0.001 | 12.34 |
Permethrin control | 0.000575 (0.000483–0.00688) | 0.00281 (0.00208–0.00423) | 5.29 | 0.152 | 10.93 |
Aedes albopictusa | |||||
C. bonariensis | 69.42 (63.20–75.93) | 113.2 (103.8–125.8) | 3.10 | 0.212 | 10.72 |
C. canadensis | 15.12 (13.93–16.47) | 22.67 (20.84–25.09) | 7.23 | 0.124 | 12.22 |
C. sumatrensis | 18.43 (17.05–19.93) | 26.76 (24.71–29.58) | 4.25 | 0.236 | 8.44 |
Culex quinquefasciatus | |||||
C. bonariensis | 108.1 (101.4–115.1) | 152.1 (142.4–165.1) | 2.32 | 0.313 | 10.84 |
C. canadensis | 29.81 (27.33–32.68) | 47.06 (43.03–52.39) | 14.5 | 0.006 | 12.17 |
C. sumatrensis | 22.95 (21.22-25.08) | 33.06 (30.07-37.60) | 2.38 | 0.498 | 9.37 |
β-Pinene | 28.36 (26.20–31.19) | 39.01 (35.41–44.50) | 2.41 | 0.661 | 8.39 |
Limonene | 29.15 (26.89–31.98) | 40.83 (37.19–46.07) | 7.05 | 0.133 | 9.50 |
(E)-Caryophyllene | 138.5 (129.3–148.5) | 215.3 (200.1–234.9) | 13.5 | 0.009 | 13.11 |
α-Humulene | 87.81 (81.14–94.89) | 140.0 (130.0–152.7) | 9.80 | 0.044 | 13.50 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 95.19 (86.69–106.26) | 141.0 (127.6–160.8) | 4.01 | 0.405 | 10.12 |
Diplonychus rusticusa | |||||
C. canadensis | 124.0 (118.0–130.4) | 165.0 (156.1–176.6) | 1.17 | 0.760 | 12.17 |
C. sumatrensis | 107.8 (103.1–113.4) | 133.6 (126.1–144.4) | 8.07 | 0.045 | 9.37 |
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Hoi, T.M.; Huong, L.T.; Chinh, H.V.; Hau, D.V.; Satyal, P.; Tai, T.A.; Dai, D.N.; Hung, N.H.; Hien, V.T.; Setzer, W.N. Essential Oil Compositions of Three Invasive Conyza Species Collected in Vietnam and Their Larvicidal Activities against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Molecules 2020, 25, 4576. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194576
Hoi TM, Huong LT, Chinh HV, Hau DV, Satyal P, Tai TA, Dai DN, Hung NH, Hien VT, Setzer WN. Essential Oil Compositions of Three Invasive Conyza Species Collected in Vietnam and Their Larvicidal Activities against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Molecules. 2020; 25(19):4576. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194576
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoi, Tran Minh, Le Thi Huong, Hoang Van Chinh, Dang Viet Hau, Prabodh Satyal, Thieu Anh Tai, Do Ngoc Dai, Nguyen Huy Hung, Vu Thi Hien, and William N Setzer. 2020. "Essential Oil Compositions of Three Invasive Conyza Species Collected in Vietnam and Their Larvicidal Activities against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus" Molecules 25, no. 19: 4576. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194576