Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Containing 2′-N-alkylaminocarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA (2′-urea-LNA) Moieties Using Post-Synthetic Modification Strategy

Abstract

The post-synthetic modification of an oligonucleotide is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of various analogs of the oligonucleotide, aiming to achieve the desired functions. In this study, we synthesized the thymidine phosphoramidite of 2′-N-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA, which was introduced into oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides containing a 2′-N-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA unit could be isolated under ultra-mild deprotection conditions (50 mM K₂CO₃ in MeOH at room temperature for 4 h). Moreover, by treatment with various amines as a post-synthetic modification, the oligonucleotides were successfully converted into the corresponding 2′-N-alkylaminocarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA (2′-urea-LNA) derivatives. The duplex- and triplex-forming abilities of the synthesized oligonucleotides were evaluated by UV-melting experiments, which showed that 2′-urea-LNAs could stabilize the nucleic acid complexes, similar to the proto-type, 2′-amino-LNA. Thus, 2′-urea-LNAs could be promising units for the modification of oligonucleotides; the design of a substituent on urea may aid the formation of useful oligonucleotides. In addition, pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl, an amino moiety, acted as a precursor of the substituted urea, which may be applicable to the synthesis of oligonucleotide conjugates.

1. Introduction

Chemically modified oligonucleotides have been widely used in areas such as nanotechnology and drug development. The purpose of such chemical modification is to realize the desired functions depending on the specific applications. The functions of small molecules can be explored using a large number of derivatives; however, this is not easy for many modified oligonucleotides because of their synthetic difficulty. The preparation of a modified oligonucleotide is time-consuming as it involves these processes—(i) synthesis of the modified building block, and (ii) synthesis of the oligonucleotide including the building block employing an oligonucleotide synthesizer. Under these circumstances, chemical modification following the synthesis of the oligonucleotide—called “post-synthetic modification”—is a powerful strategy enabling us to prepare various derivatives from a single oligonucleotide encompassing a reactive site [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].

Moreover, bridging between the 2′- and 4′-positions of the furanose ring has been actively studied as a sugar modification technique for oligonucleotides. The conformational restriction of the sugar and the bulkiness of the bridge moiety are expected to improve the hybridizing ability of the oligonucleotides to target nucleic acids and reduce nuclease degradation [9,10,11,12,13]. In particular, 2′-amino-LNA, a 2′,4′-bridged nucleic acid, can have various substituents of the 2′-amino group [14]; therefore, 2′-amino-LNA would be a useful scaffold to explore oligonucleotides possessing the desired properties. Previous studies have reported oligonucleotides containing 2′-N-substituted 2′-amino-LNA derivatives, such as 2′-N-alkyl, 2′-N-acyl, and 2′-N-alkoxycarbonyl derivatives [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. In general, the synthesis was based on a common method using each modified phosphoramidite; however, post-synthetic approaches using click chemistry [20,21,23] and amidation [24] were also applied to the synthesis of the 2′-N-substituted 2′-amino-LNA derivatives in the oligonucleotides (Figure 1). The substrates containing the reactive sites are somewhat specific, and the 1,2,3-triazole and glycyl units remain after post-synthetic modification. Thus, the development of a new post-synthetic modification method for the 2′-N-substituted 2′-amino-LNA is essential.

We considered that 2′-amino-LNA bearing an active carbamate, like a pentafluorophenyl carbamate, could be converted into 2′-N-alkylaminocarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA (2′-urea-LNA) via the post-synthetic treatment with amines. With this method, various amines that are commercially available or easily synthesized can be used and the procedure is simple to perform (amine treatment). Moreover, urea is the only unit that remains on the oligonucleotide. We synthesized oligonucleotides containing various 2′-urea-LNA derivatives using post-synthetic modification and evaluated their duplex- and triplex-forming ability. The details are described herein.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis

The synthesis of thymidine phosphoramidites with various 2′-N-alkoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA modifications was previously reported by us [22]. Thus, according to the procedure, a thymidine phosphoramidite with 2′-N-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA modification was synthesized as shown in Scheme 1. Compound 1 was treated with bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate in the presence of Et₃N to produce the 2′-N-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl derivative (2) in 89% yield. In this reaction, no 3′-O-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl derivative was obtained, unlike the case of other alkoxycarbonyl derivatives [22]. This was probably because of the poor stability of the 3′-O-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl derivative, resulting from the good leaving ability of the pentafluorophenoxy group. Phosphitylation of 2 using (i-Pr₂N)₂POCH₂CH₂CN and 5-(ethylthio)tetrazole afforded the desired phosphoramidite (3), which is a suitable building block for the synthesis of oligonucleotides, in 75% yield.

Next, we synthesized the oligonucleotides using common phosphoramidite chemistry on an oligonucleotide synthesizer; the sequences of the oligonucleotides are shown in Scheme 1. Phenoxyacetyl (Pac) and isopropylphenoxyacetyl (i-PrPac) protections were used for the dA and dG phosphoramidites, respectively. Furthermore, the nucleobases in dC and 2′-deoxy-5-methylcytidine (d^mC) phosphoramidites were acetyl-protected. The coupling time was increased from 25 s to 10 min when phosphoramidite (3) was introduced into the oligonucleotides, and the coupling efficiency was estimated to be over 95%, based on the trityl monitoring observed in the removal of the 5′-DMTr group. After the synthesis of the oligonucleotides on a DNA synthesizer, the fully protected oligonucleotides attached to control pore glass (CPG) resin were subjected to ultra-mild conditions (50 mM K₂CO₃ in MeOH at room temperature for 4 h) to produce the corresponding 5′-O-DMTr-oligonucleotides via the removal of the cyanoethyl groups in the phosphotriester moieties and the protecting groups in nucleobases, followed by cleavage from the resin. The 2′-N-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl unit was tolerant of the base treatment. The DMTr-removal and purification step yielded the desired oligonucleotides modified with 2′-N-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA.

The 2′-N-Pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA was converted within an oligonucleotide (ON1) by the treatment with various amines (Scheme 2 and

Table 1. Isolated yields of oligonucleotides containing 2′-urea-LNA derivatives.

Substrates	Products	Isolated Yield	Substrates	Products	Isolated Yield
ON11	ON3a	76%	ON21	ON4a	67%
ON12	ON3b	86%	ON22	ON4b	69%
ON12	ON3c	68%	ON22	ON4c	46%
ON13	ON3d	84%	ON23	ON4d	82%
ON13	ON3e	80%	ON23	ON4e	79%
ON13	ON3f	95%	ON23	ON4f	70%
ON13	ON3g	94%	ON23	ON4g	77%
ON13	ON3h	94%	ON23	ON4h	76%
ON13	ON3i	83%	ON23	ON4i	73%

¹ Conditions: 10 M NH₃ aq., 30 °C, 24 h. ² Conditions: 0.5 M amine aq., 30 °C, 4 h. ³ Conditions: 0.5 M amine aq., 30 °C, 24 h.

). The treatment with 10 M NH₃ aq. at 30 °C for 4 h left the unreacted oligonucleotide (ON1), although the production of the corresponding unsubstituted 2′-urea-LNA was also observed (ON3a) (Figure 2a). The prolonged reaction time to 24 h yielded the desired ON3a with high efficiency, and it was isolated in 76% yield (Figure 2b). More than half of the ON1 remained in the treatment with 0.1 M MeNH₂ aq. at 30 °C for 2 h (Figure 2c). ON1 almost disappeared at an increased concentration of MeNH₂ aq. to 0.5 M. Finally, ON1 was treated with 0.5 M MeNH₂ aq. at 30 °C for 4 h to produce the desired methylurea ON3b (Figure 2d) in 86% yield, without any unreacted ON1 left. The use of 0.5 M Me₂NH aq. as a secondary amine successfully gave the dimethylurea (ON3c) in 68% yield. When pyrrolidine, piperazine, ethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine, 3,3′-diamino-N-methyldipropylamine, and tris(3-aminopropyl)amine were used, oligonucleotides containing the corresponding 2′-urea-LNA with the respective substituents on the urea moieties were obtained. These results suggested that 2′-N-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA was a good precursor for the construction of 2′-amino-LNA analogs with a substituted urea unit by post-synthetic modification. In contrast, when an oligonucleotide containing 2′-N-phenoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA (ON1^OPh) was treated with 10 M NH₃ aq. at 30 °C for 24 h and 0.5 M MeNH₂ aq. at 30 °C for 24 h, almost no reaction was observed in all cases (Figure 2e,f); this could be due to the low reactivity of the phenyl carbamate.

A 14-mer homopyrimidine oligonucleotide (ON2) was converted into oligonucleotides (ON4a–i) containing the substituted analogs of 2′-urea-LNA under the same conditions (Scheme 2 and Figure S1 (Supplementary Materials)). The isolated yields are shown in Table 1.

2.2. Evaluation

UV-melting experiments of duplexes between 12-mer oligonucleotides (ON3a–i) containing 2′-urea-LNA analogs and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or ssRNA was performed; the obtained melting temperatures (T_m) were compared to those of 2′-(methoxycarbonyl)amino-LNA (ON5) (as a reference of 2′-N-substituted 2′-amino-LNA), unsubstituted 2′-amino-LNA (ON6), and natural (ON7) (

Table 2. T_m values of duplexes containing modified oligonucleotides ¹.

Oligonucleotides 2		Tm (ΔTm 3) with ssDNA	Tm (ΔTm 3) with ssRNA
ON3a	X = NH2	54 °C (+3 °C)	58 °C (+6 °C)
ON3b	X = NHMe	53 °C (+2 °C)	58 °C (+6 °C)
ON3c	X = NMe2	52 °C (+1 °C)	57 °C (+5 °C)
ON3d	X = pyrrolidin-1-yl	52 °C (+1 °C)	57 °C (+5 °C)
ON3e	X = piperazin-1-yl	54 °C (+3 °C)	57 °C (+5 °C)
ON3f	X = NH(CH2)2NH2	55 °C (+4 °C)	57 °C (+5 °C)
ON3g	X = NH(CH2)3NH2	55 °C (+4 °C)	58 °C (+6 °C)
ON3h	X = NH(CH2)3NH(Me)(CH2)3NH2	54 °C (+3 °C)	57 °C (+5 °C)
ON3i	X = NH(CH2)3N[(CH2)3NH2]2	55 °C (+4 °C)	55 °C (+3 °C)
ON5	X = OMe	52 °C (+1 °C)	58 °C (+6 °C)
ON6	2′-amino-LNA	52 °C (+1 °C)	58 °C (+6 °C)
ON7	natural	51 °C	52 °C

¹ Conditions for duplexes: 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 200 mM NaCl, and 2.5 µM of each oligonucleotide. The sequences of ssDNA and ssRNA are 5′-d(ACGAGAACATCC)-3′ and 5′-r(ACGAGAACAUCC)-3′, respectively. ² The sequences and structures of modified oligonucleotides used are shown in Scheme 2 and Figure 3. ³ The change in T_m values relative to natural ON7.

and Figure 3 and Figure 4). Increasing the number of substituents on the urea moiety of 2′-urea-LNA tended to decrease the stability of duplexes with ssDNA; the T_m values of unsubstituted (ON3a), methylurea (ON3b), dimethylurea (ON3c), and pyrrolidinocarbonylamine (ON3d) were 54 °C, 53 °C, 52 °C and 52 °C, respectively. Moreover, the disubstituted ureas ON3c and ON3d had the same hybridizing ability to ssDNA as 2′-(methoxycarbonyl)amino-LNA (ON5) and the parent 2′-amino-LNA (ON6), which suggested that the 2′-urea unit favored the formation of the duplex with ssDNA. The introduction of an amino group into the N-substituents of urea stabilized the duplexes. For example, the T_m of aminoethyl urea (ON3f) and aminopropyl urea (ON3g) (55 °C) was slightly higher than that of the same monosubstituted methylurea (ON3b) (53 °C). No further stabilization occurred in ON3h and ON3i which contained more amino groups.

In the case of duplex formation with ssRNA, although ON3i (bearing a branched bis(aminopropyl)amino group) showed a decreased T_m (55 °C), the stabilization abilities by other 2′-urea-LNA derivatives were comparable to that by carbamate (ON5) or unsubstituted 2′-amino-LNA (ON6). For all 2′-urea-LNA derivatives, the duplexes were significantly stabilized when compared with the natural duplex by ON7. The results implied that a linear long chain on the urea unit might not influence the stability of the duplex formed with ssRNA.

UV-melting experiments of triplexes between 14-mer oligonucleotides (ON4a–i) containing 2′-urea-LNA analogs and hairpin dsDNA were also performed (Figure 5 and

Table 3. T_m values of triplexes containing modified oligonucleotides ¹.

Oligonucleotides 2		Tm (ΔTm 3)
ON4a	X = NH2	38 °C (+7 °C)
ON4b	X = NHMe	36 °C (+5 °C)
ON4c	X = NMe2	38 °C (+7 °C)
ON4d	X = pyrrolidin-1-yl	31 °C (0 °C)
ON4e	X = piperazin-1-yl	34 °C (+3 °C)
ON4f	X = NH(CH2)2NH2	35 °C (+4 °C)
ON4g	X = NH(CH2)3NH2	35 °C (+4 °C)
ON4h	X = NH(CH2)3NH(Me)(CH2)3NH2	35 °C (+4 °C)
ON4i	X = NH(CH2)3N[(CH2)3NH2]2	35 °C (+4 °C)
ON8	X = OMe	36 °C (+5 °C)
ON9	2′-amino-LNA	37 °C (+6 °C)
ON10	natural	31 °C

¹ Conditions for triplexes: 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 200 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, and 1.5 µM of each oligonucleotide. The sequence of dsDNA is 5′-d(GGCAGAAGAAAAAGAGACGC)-spacer18-d(GCGTCTCTTTTTCTTCTGCC)-3′ (spacer18 = hexaethylene glycol linker). ² The sequences and structures of modified oligonucleotides used are shown in Scheme 2 and Figure 3. ³ The change in T_m values relative to natural ON10.

). Triplexes formed by oligonucleotides containing 2′-urea-LNA derivatives were stable analogous to those by methoxycarbonyl (ON8) and 2′-amino-LNA (ON9), though 2′-urea-LNA with a pyrrolidine unit (ON4d) decreased the stability of the triplex significantly.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

All moisture-sensitive reactions were conducted in well-dried glassware under an Ar atmosphere. Anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ and MeCN were used as purchased. ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and ³¹P-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE III HD 500 MHz spectrometer equipped with a BBO cryoprobe, and an Agilent/Varian 400 MHz spectrometer. The chemical shift values were reported in ppm, relative to the internal tetramethylsilane (δ = 0.00 ppm) or solvent residual signals (δ = 3.31 ppm for CD₃OD) for ¹H-NMR, solvent residual signals (δ = 77.0 ppm for CDCl₃ and δ = 49.0 ppm for CD₃OD) for ¹³C-NMR, and external 5% H₃PO₄ (δ = 0.00 ppm) for ³¹P-NMR. High-resolution mass spectrometry was performed on a Waters SYNAPT G2-Si (Quadrupole/TOF). For column chromatography, silica gel PSQ-60B (Fuji Silysia) was used. The progress of the reaction was monitored by analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on pre-coated aluminum sheets (Silica gel 60 F254 by Merck). For HPLC, a JASCO EXTREMA (PU-4180, CO-4060 or CO-4061, UV-4075, and AS-4050) instrument with a CHF122SC (ADVANTEC) fraction collector was used. UV-melting experiments were carried out using a JASCO V-730 UV/VIS spectrophotometer equipped with a T_m analysis accessory. The synthesis of oligonucleotides was performed on an automated DNA synthesizer (Gene Design nS-8II).

3.2. Synthesis

Compound 2: Bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate (152 μL, 1.1 eq.) was added to a solution of compound 1 [22] (200 mg, 0.35 mmol) and Et₃N (73 μL, 1.5 eq.) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at 0 °C, under an argon atmosphere. After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, sat. NaHCO₃ aq. was added to the reaction mixture. After dilution with AcOEt, the organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ aq., H₂O, and sat. NaCl aq., and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/AcOEt 1:1) to afford compound 2 (244 mg, 89%) as a pale yellow powder. Compound 2 was shown to exist as a mixture of carbamate rotamers by NMR spectroscopy (Figure S2).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.60 (1.5H, s), 1.62 (1.5H, s), 2.43 (0.5H, brs), 3.11 (0.5H, brs), 3.49–3.77 (4H, m), 3.80 (3H, s), 3.80 (3H, s), 4.36 (0.5H, s), 4.38 (0.5H, s), 4.81 (0.5H, s), 4.83 (0.5H, s), 5.65 (0.5H, s), 5.70 (0.5H, s), 6.85–6.87 (4H, m), 7.28–7.47 (9H, m), 7.53 (0.5H, s), 7.66 (0.5H, s), 8.45 (0.5H, brs), 8.58 (0.5H, brs). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 12.40, 12.54, 52.44, 52.71, 55.17, 55.21, 58.94, 59.35, 63.76, 64.13, 69.26, 69.81, 86.80, 86.86, 86.93, 88.09, 88.71, 110.18, 110.46, 113.29, 113.30, 113.33, 113.36, 123.92, 125.18–125.52 (m), 127.70, 127.18, 127.98, 128.00, 128.06, 129.99, 130.01, 130.04, 130.05, 134.29, 134.57, 135.14, 135.19, 136.40, 136.61–136.82 (m), 138.33–138.84 (m), 140.23–140.26 (m), 142.56–142.69 (m), 144.22, 144.40, 149.32, 149.81, 150.35, 150.84, 150.88, 158.69, 158.75, 163.73, 164.02. HRMS (ESI-TOF): Calcd. for C₃₉H₃₂F₅N₃NaO₉ [MNa]⁺ 804.1956, found 804.1957.

Compound 3: 5-ethylthiotetrazole (25 mg, 1.0 eq.) was added to a solution of compound 2 (150 mg, 0.19 mmol) and (i-Pr₂N)₂POCH₂CH₂CN (122 μL, 2.0 eq.) in anhydrous MeCN (3 mL) at 0 °C, under an argon atmosphere. After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, sat. NaHCO₃ aq. was added to the reaction mixture. After dilution with AcOEt, the organic layer was washed with H₂O and sat. NaCl aq., and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/AcOEt 1:1) to afford compound 3 (140 mg, 75%) as a white powder. Compound 3 was shown to exist as a mixture of carbamate rotamers by NMR spectroscopy (Figure S3).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.99–1.17 (12H, m), 1.52–1.56 (3H, m), 2.38–2.42 (1H, m), 2.53–2.63 (1H, m), 3.44–3.76 (8H, m), 3.79–3.81 (6H, m), 4.49–4.54 (1H, m), 4.89–5.04 (1H, m), 5.73–5.74 (1H, m), 6.83–6.88 (4H, m), 7.25–7.46 (9H, m), 7.65–7.69 (1H, m), 8.56 (1H, brs). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 149.60, 149.73, 149.84. HRMS (ESI-TOF): Calcd. for C₄₈H₄₉F₅N₅NaO₁₀P [MNa]⁺ 1004.3035, found 1004.3035.

Oligonucleotides ON1 and ON2: 2′-N-Pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA-T phosphoramidite 3, dA(Pac)-phosphoramidite, dG(iPr-Pac)-phosphoramidite, dC(Ac)-phosphoramidite, dT-phosphoramidite, and d^mC(Ac)-phosphoramidite were used in this process. The syntheses of these oligonucleotides were performed on a 0.2 μmol scale using a standard phosphoramidite protocol (DMTr-ON mode), except for the phosphoramidite 3, which had a prolonged coupling time of 10 min. Cleavage from the CPG support and removal of the protecting groups were accomplished using 50 mM K₂CO₃ in MeOH at room temperature for 4 h. Triethylammonium acetate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0) was added, and MeOH was removed in vacuo. The crude oligonucleotides in the solution were purified using Sep-Pak^® Plus C18 cartridges (Waters), followed by reversed-phase HPLC (Waters XBridge^TM Prep Shield RP18, 5 μm, 10 × 50 mm). The compositions of the oligonucleotides, ON1 and ON2, were confirmed by ESI-TOF-MS analysis. The deconvoluted ESI-TOF-MS data [M] for ON1 and ON2 are as follows: ON1, found 3905.10 (calcd. 3904.51); ON2, found 4430.50 (calcd. 4429.91).

Typical procedure for post-synthetic modification of ON1 and ON2: A solution of ON1 (final concentration—20 μM) and MeNH₂ (final concentration—0.5 M) in H₂O (100 μL) was maintained at 30 °C for 4 h. After the addition of AcOH (20 μL), the mixture was diluted with 0.1 M triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.0) and purified by reversed-phase HPLC (Waters XBridge^TM Prep Shield RP18, 2.5 μm, 4.6 × 50 mm) to give ON3b in 86% yield. The isolated yield was calculated using the absorbance at 260 nm, which was measured on a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer. The compositions of the oligonucleotides, ON3a–i and ON4a–i, were confirmed by ESI-TOF-MS analysis. The deconvoluted ESI-TOF-MS data [M] for ON3a–i and ON4a–i: ON3a, found 3737.90 (calcd. 3737.47); ON3b, found 3751.80 (calcd. 3751.50); ON3c, found 3766.00 (calcd. 3765.53); ON3d, found 3791.80 (calcd. 3791.57); ON3e, found 3807.00 (calcd. 3806.58); ON3f, found 3781.00 (calcd. 3780.54); ON3g, found 3795.00 (calcd. 3794.56); ON3h, found 3866.10 (calcd. 3865.69); ON3i, found 3909.20 (calcd. 3908.76); ON4a, found 4263.30 (calcd. 4262.88); ON4b, found 4277.30 (calcd. 4276.91); ON4c, found 4291.20 (calcd. 4290.93); ON4d, found 4317.50 (calcd. 4316.97); ON4e, found 4332.60 (calcd. 4331.99); ON4f, found 4306.30 (calcd. 4305.95); ON4g, found 4320.50 (calcd. 4319.97); ON4h, found 4391.70 (calcd. 4391.10); and ON4i, found 4434.70 (calcd. 4434.17).

3.3. UV-Melting Experiment

In the duplex-forming experiment, the synthesized oligonucleotides and ssRNA or ssDNA were dissolved in a 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 200 mM NaCl to give a final concentration of 2.5 μM. In the triplex-forming experiment, the synthesized oligonucleotides and hairpin dsDNA were dissolved in a 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 200 mM KCl and 5 mM MgCl₂ to give a final concentration of 1.5 μM. The samples were annealed in boiling water followed by slow cooling to 5 °C. The melting profiles were recorded at 260 nm from 20 °C to 80 °C for ssRNA and ssDNA, and from 15 °C to 90 °C for dsDNA at a scan rate of 0.5 °C/min. The two-point average method was employed to obtain the T_m values, and the final values were determined by averaging three independent measurements, which were accurate within a 1 °C range.

4. Conclusions

A thymidine phosphoramidite of 2′-N-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA was successfully synthesized and introduced into oligonucleotides. Treatment of the oligonucleotides with various amines could efficiently produce modified oligonucleotides containing the corresponding 2′-urea-LNA derivatives. This method could also be applied to the modification of resin-attached oligonucleotides. Moreover, the UV-melting experiments of the modified oligonucleotides suggested that 2′-urea-LNA—analogous to 2′-amino-LNA and its N-alkyl, N-acyl, and N-alkoxycarbonyl derivatives—could be promising as a chemical modification moiety of an oligonucleotide. Therefore, the post-synthetic modification using 2′-N-pentafluorophenoxycarbonyl-2′-amino-LNA allows for the exploration of high-performance oligonucleotides containing 2′-urea-LNA derivatives. Moreover, if the developed O-pentafluorophenyl carbamate unit was inserted into other sites of oligonucleotides, like the 5′-terminus or the nucleobase, the oligonucleotide could be post-synthetically linked to a functional molecule via a urea linkage.