Figure 1.
Chemical structures of volatile compounds identified in monofloral honeys: (a) Common volatile compounds to different types of monofloral honeys; Putative volatile marker compounds for (b) acacia honey, (c) buckwheat honey, (d) chestnut honey, (e) heather honey, (f) orange honey and (g) strawberry tree honey.
Figure 1.
Chemical structures of volatile compounds identified in monofloral honeys: (a) Common volatile compounds to different types of monofloral honeys; Putative volatile marker compounds for (b) acacia honey, (c) buckwheat honey, (d) chestnut honey, (e) heather honey, (f) orange honey and (g) strawberry tree honey.
Table 1.
List of monofloral honey/honeydew types selected for volatile’s composition comparison. Common names are ordered alphabetically according to their main botanical sources.
Table 1.
List of monofloral honey/honeydew types selected for volatile’s composition comparison. Common names are ordered alphabetically according to their main botanical sources.
Monofloral Honey/Honeydew Types | Scientific Name of the Dominant Botanical Source |
---|
Acacia | Robinia pseudoacacia L. |
Buckwheat | Fagopyrum esculentum Moench |
Chestnut | Castanea sativa Mill. |
Clover | Trifolium pratense L., T repens L. |
Cotton | Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossympium spp. |
Dandelion | Taraxacum officinale Weber |
Eucalyptus | Eucalyptus spp., Eucalyptus melliodora A. Cunn. ex Schauer, E. leucoxylon F.Muell, E. camaldulensis Dehnh. |
Fir tree | Abies spp. |
Heather | Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, Erica multiflora L., Erica spp., Calluna spp. |
Lavender | Lavandula angustifolia Mill., L. latifolia Medik., L. stoechas L., L. angustifolia x L. latifolia, Lavandula spp. |
Lime tree | Tilia cordata Mill., T. europaea L., T. platyphyllos Scop., Tilia spp. |
Orange | Citrus spp. |
Pine | Pinus spp. |
Rape | Brassica napus L. |
Raspberry | Rubus idaeus L. |
Rhododendron | Rhododendron spp. |
Rosemary | Rosmarinus officinalis L. |
Strawberry tree | Arbutus unedo L. |
Sunflower | Helianthus annuus L. |
Thyme | Thymus capitatus L., Thymus spp. |
Table 2.
Acacia honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 2.
Acacia honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Austria a | 1 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Benzaldehyde, furfural, acetic acid, cis-linalool oxide (furanoid), 2-phenylethanol | [41] |
China b | 1 | nd | SPME | SPME/GC-MS | Ethanol, 2-octanone, furfural, 1-pentanol, ethyl acetate | [74] |
Croatia a | 5 | √ | HD and USE | GC and GC-MS | HD: Phenylacetaldehyde, tetracosane, furfural, tricosane, cis-linalool oxide | [60] |
USE: Tetracosane, hexadecanoic acid, 1-hexadecanol, benzoic acid, 4-vinyl-2-methoxyphenol |
Czech Republic a | 10 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Ethanol, benzaldehyde, furfural, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol | [69] |
France b | 1 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, acetone, furfural, benzaldehyde, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (linalool) | [52] |
France a | 5 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, octane, 3-methyl-butanol, acetone, ethyl formate | [76] |
Germany b | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, acetone, furfural, benzaldehyde, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (linalool) | [52] |
Hungary a | 5 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, octane, 3-methyl-butanol, acetone, ethyl formate | [76] |
Italy b | 4 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, acetone, furfural, benzaldehyde, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one | [52] |
Italy b | 3 | √ | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Acetic acid, ethanol, formic acid, isovaleric acid, furfural | [77] |
Morocco a | 1 | nd | HS-SPME | GC and GC-MS | cis-Linalool oxide, benzene acetaldehyde, furfural, trans-linalool oxide, benzaldehyde | [68] |
Poland b | 8 | nd | HS-SPME | GC and GC-MS | Benzaldehyde, nonanal, phenylacetaldehyde, furfural, heptanal | [71] |
Poland b | 8 | nd | SPME | GC-O-MS | Furfural, methylbutanal, 3-methylpentanal, 2-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanol | [72] |
Romania a | 10 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Ethyl acetate, ethanol, furfural, furanmethanol, hotrienol | [69] |
Romania b | 30 | √ | SPE | GC-MS | Ethyl acetate, ethanol, furfural, benzaldehyde, cis-linalool oxide | [38] |
Romania a | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, octane, 3-methyl-butanol, acetone, ethyl formate | [76] |
Romania a | 50 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Acetone (2-propanone), acetic acid, 2-furancarboxaldehyde (furfural), ethanol, linalool, benzaldehyde | [73] |
Slovakia a | 17 | nd | SPME | GC×GC-TOF-MS | Butan-2-one, alkanes (C6–C9) c, nonanal, cis-linalool oxide, methyl ester of hexanoic and octanoic acid | [70] |
Spain a | 5 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | 2-Phenylethanol, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, ethyl phenylacetate | [78] |
Spain a | 4 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Hotrienol, cis-linalool oxide, benzaldehyde, 3-methyl-butanoic acid, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol | [79] |
Spain a | 10 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Hotrienol, acetone, ethanol, furfural, 2-butanol | [69] |
Spain a | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, octane, 3-methyl-butanol, acetone, ethyl formate | [76] |
Table 3.
Buckwheat honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 3.
Buckwheat honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Italy a | 3 | √ | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Ethanol, isovaleric acid (3-methylbutanoic acid), acetic acid, formic acid, 3-methylbutanal | [77] |
Italy a | 3 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | Isovaleric acid (3-methylbutanoic acid), linalool, furfural, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal | [82] |
Poland a | 1 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Isovaleric acid (3-methylbutanoic acid), 2-methyl-butanoic acid, benzaldehyde, dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, furfural | [81] |
Poland a | 8 | nd | SPME | GC-O-MS | Furfural, methylbutanal, pentanal, 2-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanol | [72] |
Poland a | 8 | nd | HS-SPME | GC and GC-MS | Furfural, 2-methylbutanoic acid, isovaleric acid (3-methylbutanoic acid), 2-methylbutyraldehyde, 3-methylbutyraldehyde | [71] |
United-Kingdom a | 1 | nd | LLE | GC-MS | 3-Methylbutanal, isovaleric acid (3-methylbutyric acid), 2,3-butanedione, 2-methylbutanal, butyric acid | [80] |
United States of America a | 1 | nd | LLE | GC-MS | Vanillin, 3-methylbutanal, isovaleric acid (3-methylbutyric acid), phenylacetaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione | [80] |
Table 4.
Chestnut honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 4.
Chestnut honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Croatia a | 5 | √ | HD and USE | GC and GC-MS | HD: Tetracosane, phenylacetaldehyde, heneicosane, 4-aminoacetophenone, palmitic acid USE: Phenylacetic acid, 4-aminoacetophenone, 5-hydrohymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (pyranone), cinnamyl alcohol | [60] |
Croatia a | 1 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Furfural, benzaldehyde, acetic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, benzyl alcohol | [41] |
France a | 7 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, acetone, diacetyl, octane, hexane | [76] |
France a | nd | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | Benzyl alcohol, furfuryl alcohol, 2-furaldehyde, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 2-phenylethanol | [85] |
France a | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 2-acetylfuran, 5-methyl-2(3H)-dihydrofuranone | [52] |
Germany a | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 2-acetylfuran, 5-methyl-2(3H)-dihydrofuranone | [52] |
Greece a | 2 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Nonanal, furfural, decanal, nonanoic acid ethyl ester, α-isophorone | [88] |
Italy a,b | nd | √ | L-N | GC-MS | 3-Aminoacetophenone, benzyl alcohol, limonene or bornene, 2-phenylethanol, diethyl acetal | [86] |
Italy a | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, acetone, diacetyl (butanedione), octane, hexane | [76] |
Italy a | nd | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | Benzyl alcohol, furfuryl alcohol, 2-furaldehyde, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 2-phenylethanol | [85] |
Italy a | 3 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Nonanal, nonanol, benzaldehyde, camphor, acetophenone | [83] |
Italy a | 5 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 2-acetylfuran, 5-methyl-2(3H)-dihydrofuranone | [52] |
Italy a | 10 | √ | SPME | GC and GC-MS | cis-Linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide, nonanal, nonanoic acid, aminoacetophenone | [75] |
Portugal a | 2 | √ | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Heptane, benzaldehyde, octane, nonanoic acid ethyl ester, nonanal | [84] |
Spain a | 5 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | 2-Phenylethanol, phenol, 2-phenylacetamide, acetophenone, 2-aminoacetophenone | [78] |
Spain a | 1 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | 1-Phenylethanol, 2-aminoacetophenone, acetophenone, 3-hexen-1-ol | [79] |
Spain a | 10 | nd | SPE | GC-MS | Phenylacetic acid, benzoic acid, 6-methyl-3,5-dihidroxy-2,3-dihydro-[4H] pyran-4-one (pyranone), 2-hydroxyacetophenone, cinnamic acid | [21] |
Turkey a | 4 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | Phthalic acid, α-α-dimethylphenyl acetate, decane, phenylacetaldehyde, p-anisaldehyde | [87] |
Table 5.
Clover honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 5.
Clover honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Australia a | 2 | nd | LLE | GC and GC-MS | Furfuraldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 3-hydroxypentan-2-one, methylmethoxyfuran, ionol | [89] |
Canada a | 2 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, ethyl formate, octane, acetone, ethanol | [76] |
Croatia b,c | 5 | √ | HS-SPME and USE | GC and GC-MS | HS-SPME: Lilac aldehyde (isomer II), phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, lilac aldehyde (isomer III), lilac aldehyde (isomer I) USE: cis-Octadec-9-en-1-ol, nonadecane, hexadecan-1-ol, octadecan-1-ol, hexadecenoic acid | [91] |
France a | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, ethyl formate, octane, acetone, ethanol | [76] |
Lithuania a | 1 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | Nonanal, 2-methylbutanenitrile, 2-methylpropanenitrile, 2-methyl propanoic acid, benzaldehyde | [55] |
New Zealand a | 8 | nd | LLE | GC and GC-MS | Dimethyl 2-decenedioate, dimethyl succinate, methyl 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate, methyl palmitate, dimethyl decanedioate | [90] |
New Zealand a | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, ethyl formate, octane, acetone, ethanol | [76] |
Table 6.
Cotton honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 6.
Cotton honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Greece a | 7 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Phenylacetic acid, phenylethyl alcohol, oleic acid, palmitic acid, tricosane | [93] |
Greece b | 3 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Octane, nonanal, decanal, nonane, nonanoic acid ethyl ester | [88] |
Palestine a | 3 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, nonanoic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl 2-furancarboxaldehyde | [92] |
Turkey a | 2 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | Nonanal, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, safranal | [87] |
Table 7.
Dandelion honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 7.
Dandelion honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Austria a | 1 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | 2-Methylbutanoic acid, hotrienol, 2-methylpropanoic acid, benzylnitrile, 2-methylpentanoic acid | [41] |
France a | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Octane, ethyl formate, ethanol, acetone, acetaldehyde | [76] |
Italy a | 4 | √ | SPME | GC and GC-MS | Hexanenitrile, ethanol, pentanenitrile, phenylacetonitrile, furfuryl n-butyrate | [75] |
Spain a | 1 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | 2-Methylpropanenitrile, 2-methyl-butanenitrile, 3-methyl-butanenitrile, 2-butenenitrile (cis- or trans-isomers), 3-butenenitrile | [79] |
Sweden a | 1 | √ | HS-SPME, USE, SPE | GC-MS | HS-SPME: 3-Methylpentanenitrile, phenylacetonitrile, benzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one, trans-β-damascenone SPE: Phenylacetic acid, dehydrovomifoliol, docosane, 3-hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one, cis-octadec-9-en-1-ol USE: Phenylacetic acid, dehydrovomifoliol, 3-methylpentanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one, cis-octadec-9-en-1-ol | [94] |
Table 8.
Eucalyptus honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 8.
Eucalyptus honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Australia a | 1 | nd | LLE | GC and GC-MS | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF), hexenyl butyrate (II), 3-hydroxypentan-2-one, hexenyl butyrate (I) | [89] |
Australia b | 2 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Octane, diacetyl, acetaldehyde, dimethylsulphide, acetone | [76] |
Australia b | 7 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), 3-hexanol, 3,4-hexanedione, phenol, octane | [98] |
Australia c | 7 | nd | LLE | GC and GC-MS | Levo-butane-2,3-diol, 3-hydroxybutan-2-one (acetoin), 18-hydroxyoleic acid lactone, 3-oxo-α-ionone, dehydrovomifoliol | [95] |
Australia a | 6 | nd | LLE | GC and GC-MS | 18-Hydroxyoleic acid lactone, levo-butane-2,3-diol, dehydrovomifoliol, meso-butane-2,3-diol, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural (HMF) | [95] |
Italy b | 1 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), 3-hexanol, 3,4-hexanedione, phenol, octane | [98] |
Italy b | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), 2-pentanone, 1-octene, 2,3-pentanedione | [52] |
Italy d | 3 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Nonanol, nonanal, nonanoic acid, 5-hexen-2-ol, 2,3-dimethyl-5-hexen-2-ol | [83] |
Italy b | 8 | √ | SPME | GC and GC-MS | 4-(3-Hydroxy-1-butenyl)-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (3-oxo-α-ionol), nonanoic acid, 2-phenylethanol, nonanal, benzylalcohol | [75] |
Italy d | 1 | nd | DHS, SBSE, SPME | GC-MS | DHS: Nonanal, nonan-1-ol, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, octane SBSE: Nonan-1-ol, decanal, nonanoic acid, nonanal, octane SPME: Nonanal, nonan-1-ol, octane, nonanoic acid, p-cymene | [62] |
Morocco b | 1 | nd | HS-SPME | GC and GC-MS | cis-Linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide, hotrienol, furfural, dimethyl sulphide | [68] |
Palestine d | 3 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Phenylacetaldehyde, tetradecane, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, pentadecane, nonanoic acid | [92] |
Portugal b | 4 | √ | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Heptane, octane, linalool L, octanoic acid ethyl ester, nonanoic acid ethyl ester | [84] |
Spain b | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Octane, diacetyl, acetaldehyde, dimethylsulphide, acetone | [76] |
Spain b | 2 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), 3-hexanol, 3,4-hexanedione, phenol, octane | [98] |
Spain b | 1 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), 2-pentanone, 1-octene, 2,3-pentanedione | [52] |
Spain b | 4 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | 2,3-Butanediol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), acetic acid, ethanol, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone | [99] |
Spain b | 10 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), 1-hexyl alcohol, furfuryl propionate, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran | [78] |
Spain b | 21 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | 2,3-Butanedione, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), cis-linalool oxide (furanoid), 3-methyl-1-butanol, benzaldehyde | [100] |
Spain e | 5 | nd | SPE | GC-MS | Hydroxymethylfurfural, 6-methyl-2-methoxypyrazine, methyl furoate, 3-oxo-α-ionone, 2-methyl butanoic acid | [96] |
Spain b | 3 | nd | P&T | P&T-GC-MS | 2,3-Butanedione, octane, dimethylsulfide, heptane, acetonitrile | [101] |
Spain b | 4 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Nonanoic acid, octanoic acid, 1-nonanol, phenylacetaldehyde, 3-methyl-butanoic acid | [79] |
Spain b | 10 | nd | SDE | GC-MS | Phenylacetaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), furfural, 3-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-hexanone, nonanoic acid | [97] |
Turkey b | 2 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | Nonanal, ethylphenyl acetate, phenethyl alcohol | [87] |
Table 9.
Main volatiles of fir tree honey and honeydew, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 9.
Main volatiles of fir tree honey and honeydew, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Austria a | 1 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Lilac aldehyde D, acetic acid, benzaldehyde, 2-methylbutanoic acid, furfural | [41] |
Croatia b | 3 | √ | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Acetonitrile, methyl-2-buten-1-ol, n-hexanol, 1-propyne, 2-furanmethanol (furfuryl alcohol) | [103] |
France a | 7 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, acetone, ethyl formate, 3-methyl-butanol, octane | [76] |
Greece c | 2 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Nonane, 1-nonanol, decanoic acid ethyl ester, octanal, cis-5-methyl-4-nonene | [102] |
Greece a | 3 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Nonanoic acid ethyl ester, octanoic acid ethyl ester, decanoic acid ethyl ester, nonanal, nonane | [88] |
Spain a | nd | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Butanoic acid, methyl butyrate, α-pinene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene | [104] |
Table 10.
Heather honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 10.
Heather honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Belgium a | nd | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | Acetoin, 4-(3-oxobut-1-enylidene)-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-en-1-one, α-isophorone, benzylalcohol, 2-phenylethanol | [108] |
England b | 3 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, 1-penten-3-ol, byciclo 2,2,2-octan-1-ol-4-methyl, 2-methylpropanoic acid, phenylacetaldehyde | [52] |
Estonia a | 2 | √ | SPME | GC-MS and GC-O | Phenylacetaldehyde, hydrocinnamic acid, butyric acid, dimethyl trisulphide, hexyl hexanoate | [105] |
France a | nd | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | Acetoin, 4-(3-oxobut-1-enylidene)-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-en-1-one, α-isophorone, benzylalcohol, 2-phenylethanol | [108] |
France c | nd | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | p-Anisaldehyde (4-methoxybenzaldehyde), 1-methoxy-4-propyl-benzene, p-anisic acid (4-methoxybenzoic acid), 2-furaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol | [108] |
France b | 1 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, byciclo 2,2,2-octan-1-ol-4-methyl, phenylacetaldehyde, ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol | [52] |
Germany a | nd | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | Acetoin, 4-(3-oxobut-1-enylidene)-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-en-1-one, α-isophorone, benzylalcohol, 2-phenylethanol | [108] |
Germany b | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, byciclo 2,2,2-octan-1-ol-4-methyl, 2-methylpropanoic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, ethanol | [52] |
Greece c | nd | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | p-Anisaldehyde (4-methoxybenzaldehyde), 1-methoxy-4-propyl-benzene, p-anisic acid (4-methoxybenzoic acid), 2-furaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol | [108] |
Italy c | nd | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | p-Anisaldehyde (4-methoxybenzaldehyde), 1-methoxy-4-propyl-benzene, p-anisic acid (4-methoxybenzoic acid), 2-furaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol | [108] |
Netherlands b | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, byciclo 2,2,2-octan-1-ol-4-methyl, 2-methylpropanoic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, ethanol | [52] |
New Zealand a | 3 | √ | LLE | GC and GC-MS | 4-hydroxy-4-(3-oxo-l-butenyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one, 4-(3-oxo-l-butynyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one, methyl myristate, 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dione (4-oxoisophorone), α-isophorone | [107] |
Norway a | nd | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | Acetoin, 4-(3-oxobut-1-enylidene)-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-en-1-one, α-isophorone, benzylalcohol, 2-phenylethanol | [108] |
Poland b | 1 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Benzene acetaldehyde, 1,2,4-trimethyl-5-benzene (cumene, 2,4,5-trimethyl-), benzaldehyde, 3,4,5-trimethylphenol, isobutyl phthalate | [81] |
Poland b | 8 | nd | HS-SPME | GC and GC-MS | 3,4,5-Trimethylphenol, phenylacetic acid, benzoic acid, β-damascenone, 3-oxodamascenone | [71] |
Portugal d | 1 | √ | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Heptane, hotrienol, benzaldehyde, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, cis-linalool oxide | [84] |
Spain d,e | 33 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | 3-Methyl-1-butanol, benzaldehyde, benzene acetaldehyde, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, cis-linalool oxide (furanoid) | [100] |
Spain b | 1 | nd | P&T | P&T-GC-MS | Acetonitrile, dimethylsulfide, heptane, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 2-methyl-1-propanol | [101] |
Spain b | 5 | nd | SDE | GC-MS | Phenylacetaldehyde, propylanisole, furfural, 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol | [97] |
Spain b | 2 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | 2-Phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, hotrienol, benzaldehyde, 4-oxoisophorone | [79] |
Spain f | 6 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | trans-Linalool oxide, p-menthane-1,8-diol, safranal, limonene, α-pinene | [18] |
United Kingdom a | nd | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | Acetoin, 4-(3-oxobut-1-enylidene)-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-en-1-one, α-isophorone, benzylalcohol, 2-phenylethanol | [108] |
Table 11.
Lavender honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 11.
Lavender honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Croatia a | 1 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | cis-Thujone, camphor, 2-phenethyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, furfural | [41] |
France b | 12 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Octane, acetaldehyde, caproaldehyde, ethyl formate, diacetyl | [76] |
France b | 9 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | n-Hexanol, phenylacetaldehyde, coumarin, 2-phenylethanol, phenol | [98] |
France b | 1 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, hexanal, heptanal, 1-hexanol, furfural | [52] |
France c | 6 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | n-Hexanol, phenylacetaldehyde, n-nonanal, n-hexanal, 2-phenylethanol | [112] |
France a | 4 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | n-Hexanol, n-nonanal, phenylacetaldehyde, n-hexanal, 2-phenylethanol | [112] |
Portugal b | 1 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol | [52] |
Portugal d | 5 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | Hexanoic acid, 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetaldehyde, n-nonanal, pyridine | [112] |
Spain b | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Octane, acetaldehyde, caproaldehyde, ethyl formate, diacetyl | [76] |
Spain b | 1 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | n-Hexanol, phenylacetaldehyde, coumarin, 2-phenylethanol, phenol | [98] |
Spain e | 4 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | 2,3-Butanediol, dimethyl sulfide, acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol | [99] |
Spain d | 5 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | Ethyl laurate, phenol, 3-phenylpropionate, 2-phenylethanol, dimethyldisulphide | [78] |
Spain f | 1 | nd | P&T | P&T-GC-MS | Heptane, dimethylsulfide, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, octane | [101] |
Spain f | 2 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Benzaldehyde, n-hexanol, phenylacetaldehyde, hexanal, heptanal | [79] |
Spain b | 7 | nd | SDE | GC-MS | Phenylacetaldehyde, furfural, hotrienol, 2-phenylethanol, hexanol | [97] |
Spain c | 10 | √ | SPE | GC-MS | Triethylenglycol, 2,6-dimethyl-3,7-octadien-2,6-diol, benzoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, benzenacetic acid | [113] |
Spain e | 10 | √ | SPE | GC-MS | Triethylenglycol, hydroxymethylfurfural, 2,6-dimethyl-3,7-octadien-2,6-diol, hexadecanoic acid, coumarin | [113] |
Spain b | 36 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Ethanol, heptanal, 2-butanol, 3-methylbutanal, 2-methyl-1-butanol | [49] |
Table 12.
Lime tree honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 12.
Lime tree honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
China a | 1 | √ | SDE | GC and NMR | trans-β-Damascenone, 4-vinylguaiacol, linalool, cis-rose oxide, 2-acetyl-1 -pyrroline | [114] |
China b | 1 | nd | SPME | SPME/ GC-MS | Furfural, ethanol, 2-octanone, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, 2,3-butanediol | [74] |
Croatia c | 5 | √ | HS-SPME | GC-MS | trans-2-Caren-4-ol, terpinene, rose oxide, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cylohexen-1-ol (4-terpinenol), 1-(4-methylphenyl)-ethanone (p-methylacetophenone) | [103] |
Croatia d | 1 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-benzene, 2,3-dehydro-1,8-cineole, acetic acid, α-terpinen-4-ol, benzaldehyde | [41] |
Czech Republic c | 10 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Ethyl acetate, furfural, carvacrol, acetone, hotrienol | [69] |
France c | 10 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | 2-Phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-furaldehyde, 8-p-menthene-1,2-diol, trimethoxybenzene isomer | [85] |
Germany e | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | 2-Pentanone, acetoin, furfural, methyl isopropylbenzene, dimethylstyrene | [52] |
Italy e | 11 | √ | SPME | GC and GC-MS | 8-p-Menthen-1,2-diol, dimethylstyrene, carvacrol, 2-phenylethanol, 2-(p-methoxyphenyl)ethanol | [75] |
Netherlands e | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | 2-Pentanone, acetoin, furfural, methyl isopropylbenzene, dimethylstyrene | [52] |
Poland b | 8 | nd | HS-SPME | GC and GC-MS | Dimethylstyrene, furfural, methylstyrene, p-methylacetophenone, 8-p-menthen-1,2-diol | [71] |
Romania a | 1 | √ | SDE | GC and NMR | trans-β-Damascenone, phenylacetaldehyde, p-anisaldehyde, methional, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline | [114] |
Romania c | 10 | √ | Trap with TenaxTA | GC-MS | Ethanol, ethyl acetate, furfural, acetone, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol | [69] |
Romania f | 12 | √ | SPE | GC-MS | Ethyl acetate, furfural, carvacrol, acetone, ethanol | [111] |
Slovakia a | 6 | nd | SPME | GC×GC-TOF-MS | trans-3(10)-Caren-2-ol, 4-terpineol, 2,3-butanedione, 4-oxoisophorone, p-cymene | [70] |
Table 13.
Orange honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 13.
Orange honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Croatia a | 1 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Furfural, lilac aldehyde A, lilac aldehyde B, 2,3-butanediol, acetic acid | [41] |
Egypt b | 7 | √ | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Lilac aldehyde (isomer III), lilac aldehyde (isomer I), furfural, dill ether, ethyl decanoate | [121] |
France b | 4 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, diacetyl, acetone, ethyl formate, dimethylsulphide | [76] |
Greece b | 2 | nd | USE | GC-MS | trans-2,6-Dimethyl-2,7-octadiene-1,6-diol, 2,6-dimethyl-3,7-octadiene-2,6-diol, 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol (hotrienol), cis-2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadiene-1,6-diol, m- (or p-) xylene | [119] |
Greece b | nd | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Lilac aldehyde (isomer II), lilac aldehyde (isomer I), lilac aldehyde (isomer III), limonene, methyl anthranilate | [115] |
Greece b | 16 | √ | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Lilac aldehyde (isomer III), lilac aldehyde (isomer II), lilac aldehyde (isomer I), nonanal, benzene acetaldehyde | [121] |
Greece b | 5 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | 5-Isoprenyl-2-methyl-2-vinyl-tetrahydrofuran, α-4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-acetaldehyde, dill ether, octane, lilac aldehyde (IV) | [88] |
Italy a | 3 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol (hotrienol), methyl anthranilate, dimethylsulfide | [83] |
Italy b | 5 | √ | SPME | GC and GC-MS | Limonene diol, methyl anthranilate, 2-phenylethanol, lilac alcohol, lilac aldehyde | [75] |
Italy b | nd | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Lilac aldehyde (isomer II), lilac aldehyde (isomer I), lilac aldehyde (isomer III), limonene, methyl anthranilate | [115] |
Mexico b | 3 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, diacetyl, acetone, ethyl formate, dimethylsulphide | [76] |
Morocco b | 6 | √ | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Lilac aldehyde (isomer III), furfural, acetic acid, dill ether, herboxide isomer II | [121] |
Palestine b | 3 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethylalcohol, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, nonanoic acid, benzoic acid | [92] |
Spain b | 2 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, diacetyl, acetone, ethyl formate, dimethylsulphide | [76] |
Spain b | 4 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Furfural, acetic acid, acetone, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, 2-amino methyl benzoate | [99] |
Spain b | 15 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Lilac aldehyde (I), lilac aldehyde (II), lilac aldehyde (IV), 3-methyl-1-butanol, lilac aldehyde (III) | [100] |
Spain b | 10 | nd | SDE | GC-MS | Furfural, methyl antranilate, phenylacetaldehyde, terpineal, 2-phenylethanol | [120] |
Spain b | 4 | nd | P&T | P&T-GC-MS | Heptane, 2,3-butanedione, dimethylsulfide, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, octane | [101] |
Spain b | 4 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Lilac aldehydes (isomers I-IV), cis-linalool oxide; phenylacetaldehyde; benzaldehyde; lilac alcohols (isomers (I-IV) | [79] |
Spain b | 25 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Ethanol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-3-buten-2 ol | [117] |
Spain b | >10 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Ethanol, acetone, pentane, benzenacetaldehyde, 2-methyl-1-propanol | [116] |
Spain b | 8 | √ | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Lilac aldehyde (isomer I), lilac aldehyde (isomer III), herboxide isomer II, dill ether, nonanal | [121] |
Turkey b | 1 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | Lilac aldehyde, cis-6-nonen-1-ol, santene, methyl anthranilate | [87] |
Table 14.
Main volatiles of pine honey and honeydew, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 14.
Main volatiles of pine honey and honeydew, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Greece a | 22 | nd | P&T | GC-MS | 1.4-Dichloro-benzene, nonanal, octane, decanal, α-isophorone | [122] |
Greece b | 3 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Nonanal, 1-nonanol, furfural, nonanoic acid ethyl ester, decanal | [88] |
Turkey a | 22 | nd | P&T | GC-MS | Nonanal, octane, α-pinene, decanal, nonanol | [122] |
Turkey b | 24 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Nonanal, nonanol, decanal, octanal, benzene acetaldehyde | [124] |
Table 15.
Rape honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 15.
Rape honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Austria a | 1 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | 2-Methylbutanoic acid, furfural, benzaldehyde, acetic acid, 2-phenylethanol | [41] |
Belgium a | 5 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Octane, acetone, diacetyl, acetaldehyde, methyl formate | [76] |
Denmark a | 1 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, acetone, ethanol, nonanal, benzaldehyde | [52] |
Estonia a | 3 | √ | SPME | GC-MS and GC-O | Dimethyl trisulphide, phenylacetaldehyde, hydrocinnamic acid, phenylacetic acid, cis-linalool oxide | [105] |
France a | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Octane, acetone, diacetyl, acetaldehyde, methyl formate | [76] |
France a | 1 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, acetone, ethanol, nonanal, benzaldehyde | [52] |
Germany a | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetoin, acetone, ethanol, nonanal, benzaldehyde | [52] |
Germany a | 2 | √ | LLE | HRGC-MS and HRGC-O | Phenylacetic acid, 3-phenylpropanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, benzyl alcohol | [125] |
Lithuania a | 9 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | p-Cymenene, dimethyl sulphide, acetic formic anhydride, benzoic acid | [55] |
Poland a | 8 | nd | SPME | GC-MS and GC-O | Furfural, benzyl alcohol, 2-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanol, p-cymen-8-ol | [72] |
Poland a | 8 | nd | HS-SPME | GC and GC-MS | Benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, dimethyl disulphide, 1-nonanol, butyrolactone (dihydro-2(3h)-furanone) | [71] |
Slovakia a | 7 | nd | SPME | GC×GC-TOF-MS | Hexane, nonane, benzaldehyde, hotrienol, butan-2-one | [70] |
Table 16.
Raspberry honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 16.
Raspberry honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Estonia a | 2 | √ | SPME | GC-MS and GC-O | 1-Octen-3-one, butyric acid, phenylacetaldehyde, hydrocinnamic acid, hexyl hexanoate | [105] |
Slovakia a | 2 | nd | SPME | GC×GC-TOF-MS | Hexane, octane, nonane, decane, methyl ester of propanoic acid | [70] |
Table 17.
Rhododendron honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 17.
Rhododendron honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
France a | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Octane, acetaldehyde, acetone, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate | [76] |
Hungary a | 1 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Octane, acetaldehyde, acetone, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate | [76] |
Italy a | 3 | √ | HS-SPME | GC-MS | Ethanol, acetic acid, formic acid, furfural, hydroxyacetone | [77] |
Spain a | 1 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol, methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, cis-linalool oxide, benzaldehyde | [79] |
Turkey a | 19 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | Benzene dicarboxylic acid, nonanal, 2-aminoacetophenone, isobutyl phthalate, n-decane | [87] |
Turkey a | 14 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | 1,2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid, stearic acid, tri-buthyl phosphate, benzophenone, ethyl phenyl acetate | [126] |
Table 18.
Rosemary honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 18.
Rosemary honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
France a | 4 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, octane, dimethylsulphide, acetone, ethyl formate | [76] |
Portugal a | 1 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetone, 2-pentanone, benzaldehyde, 4-oxoisophorone, furfural | [52] |
Spain a | 2 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, octane, dimethylsulphide, acetone, ethyl formate | [76] |
Spain a | 1 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Acetone, 2-pentanone, benzaldehyde, 4-oxoisophorone, methyl-2-butenal | [52] |
Spain b | 4 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Ethanol, acetic acid, furfural, 2,3-butanediol, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone | [99] |
Spain b | 10 | √ | L-N | GC and GC-MS | Ethyl laurate, farnesol, thymol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 3-phenylpropionate | [78] |
Spain a | 1 | nd | SDE, LLE, SPE | GC-MS | LLE: meso-2,3-Butenediol, hydroxymethylfurfural, levo-2,3-butenediol, acetic acid, benzoic acid SDE: Phenylacetaldehyde, ethyl oleate, hexadecanoic acid, tricosane, furfural SPE: Hydroxymethylfurfural, 2-phenylethanol, benzoic acid, methylfuroate, dibutyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate | [64] |
Spain a | 35 | nd | HS-SPME | GC-MS | 3-Methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, benzaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, benzene acetaldehyde | [100] |
Spain b | 2 | nd | P&T | P&T-GC-MS | Ethanol, heptane, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, octane | [101] |
Spain a | 10 | nd | SDE | GC-MS | Furfural, 3,4,5-trimethylphenol, 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, nonadecane | [97] |
Spain b | 4 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | 2,6,6-Trimethyl-2,4-cycloheptadien-1-one (eucarvone), 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1-one (α-isophorone), 4-oxoisophorone, cis-linalool oxide, 2-methyl-1-butanol | [79] |
Table 19.
Strawberry tree honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 19.
Strawberry tree honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Greece a | 1 | √ | nd | GC-MS | 3,5,5-Trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-one (β-isophorone), 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (α-isophorone), 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dione (4-oxoisophorone) | [128] |
Greece a | 4 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (α-isophorone), 2,5-dimethyl-furan, nonanal, octane, 4-oxoisophorone | [88] |
Italy a | 10 | nd | DHS | GC-MS | α-Isophorone, β-isophorone, 4-oxoisophorone, 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2,3-butanedione | [127] |
Spain a | nd | nd | SPME | GC-MS | α-Isophorone, 2-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone, 4-oxoisophorone, 2-furanmethanol, dimethyl sulphide | [104] |
Table 20.
Sunflower honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 20.
Sunflower honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Czech Republic a | 10 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | n-Decane, 2-butanone, ethanol, furfural, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol | [69] |
France b | 4 | √ | DHS | GC and GC-MS | Acetaldehyde, octane, acetone, ethyl formate, diacetyl | [76] |
France b | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | 1-Butanol-3-methyl, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, methyl-2-buten-1-ol, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde | [52] |
Italy b | 2 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | 1-Butanol-3-methyl, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, methyl-2-buten-1-ol, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde | [52] |
Romania a | 10 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | Furfural, n-decane, dimethyl sulfide, acetone, ethanol | [69] |
Romania a | 8 | √ | SPE | GC-MS | n-Decane, 2-butanone, furfural, ethanol, methylsulfanylmethane | [111] |
Slovakia a | 6 | nd | SPME | GC×GC-TOF-MS | Hexane, octane, nonane, methyl ester of acetic acid, methyl ester of hexanoic acid | [70] |
Spain a | 10 | √ | Trap with Tenax TA | GC-MS | n-Decane, furfural, 2-butanol, 2-butanone, dimethyl sulfide | [69] |
Turkey b | 1 | √ | SPME | GC-MS | Benzene dicarboxylic acid, nonanal, damascenone, phenylacetaldehyde, α-α-dimethylphenyl acetate | [87] |
Table 21.
Thyme honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
Table 21.
Thyme honey’s main volatiles, with reference to the country of origin, number of samples, isolation and analysis procedures and five main volatile components. Unless otherwise specified, the honeybee type was A. mellifera.
CHO | # | MPA | VIP | VA | Dominant Volatile Compounds | Ref. |
---|
Greece a | 30 | nd | USE | GC-MS | Hexadecanoic acid, tetracosane, veratric acid, 3-hydroxy-4-pheyl-3-buten-2-one, 1-phenyl-2,3-butanediol | [130] |
Greece b | 42 | √ | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Benzene acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 4-oxoisophorone, nonanoic acid ethyl ester, phenylethylalcohol | [132] |
Greece b | 12 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Benzene acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, benzeneethanol, benzeneacetonitrile, 2-furancarboxaldehyde (furfural) | [102] |
Greece b | 31 | √ | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Phenyleacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, safranal, phenylacetonitrile, 2-furancarboxaldehyde (furfural) | [67] |
Greece c | 4 | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Nonanal, benzene acetaldehyde, nonanoic acid ethyl ester, decanal, benzeneethanol | [88] |
Italy a | 2 | √ | SPME | GC and GC-MS | Ethenyl phenylacetate, α-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid, 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-(p-methoxyphenyl)ethanol | [75] |
New Zealand c | 6 | √ | LLE | GC and GC-MS | 1-(3-Oxo-trans-1-butenyl)-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexane-trans, cis-1,2,4-triol, dimethyl butanedioate, methyl 3-hexenoate, 3’-aminoacetophenone, dimethyl trans-2-decenedioate | [133] |
Palestine b | nd | nd | HS-SPME | HS-SPME-GC-MS | 1,3-diphenyl-2-propanone, (3-methylbutyl)-benzene, 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde, 3,4-dimethoxy benzaldehyde, vanillin | [131] |
Spain c | 4 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | 2,3-Butanediol, ethanol, acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, dimethyl sulfide | [99] |
Spain c | 1 | nd | P&T | P&T-GC-MS | Dimethylsulfide, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, octane, acetonitrile, 2,3-butanedione | [101] |
Spain a | 7 | nd | SDE | GC-MS | Phenylacetaldehyde, furfural, 2-phenylethanol, octanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid | [97] |
Spain c | 1 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Hotrienol, cis-linalool oxide, butanoic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, p-menth-1-en-9-al | [79] |
Spain c | 30 | √ | P&T | GC-MS | Ethanol, heptanal, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2,3-butanedione | [49] |
Turkey a | 7 | nd | SPME | GC-MS | Dibenzylketone, 3-phenylhexane, n-octyl ether, phenylacetaldehyde, acetic acid | [129] |