Possible Participation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and l-Arginine-Nitric Oxide-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel Pathway in the Antinociceptive Activity of Cardamonin in Acute Pain Animal Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Antinociceptive Analysis
2.1.1. Acetic Acid-Induced Abdominal Writhing Test
2.1.2. Involvement of Protein Kinase C
2.1.3. Effect of MK-801 and NBQX on Glutamate-Induced Nociception
2.2. Analysis of the Possible Mechanism of Action of Cardamonin
2.2.1. Involvement of l-arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway
2.2.2. Involvement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
2.2.3. Involvement of ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel
3. Discussion
4. Methodology
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Extraction and Isolation
4.3. Experimental Animals
4.4. Drugs and Chemicals
4.5. Antinociceptive Analysis
4.5.1. Acetic Acid-Induced Abdominal Writhing Test
4.5.2. Involvement of Protein Kinase C
4.5.3. Effect of MK-801 and NBQX on Glutamate-Induced Nociception
4.6. Analysis of the Possible Mechanism of Action of Cardamonin
4.6.1. Involvement of l-arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway
4.6.2. Involvement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
4.6.3. Involvement of ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel
4.7. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pui Ping, C.; Akhtar, M.N.; Israf, D.A.; Perimal, E.K.; Sulaiman, M.R. Possible Participation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and l-Arginine-Nitric Oxide-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel Pathway in the Antinociceptive Activity of Cardamonin in Acute Pain Animal Models. Molecules 2020, 25, 5385. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225385
Pui Ping C, Akhtar MN, Israf DA, Perimal EK, Sulaiman MR. Possible Participation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and l-Arginine-Nitric Oxide-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel Pathway in the Antinociceptive Activity of Cardamonin in Acute Pain Animal Models. Molecules. 2020; 25(22):5385. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225385
Chicago/Turabian StylePui Ping, Chung, Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar, Daud Ahmad Israf, Enoch Kumar Perimal, and Mohd Roslan Sulaiman. 2020. "Possible Participation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and l-Arginine-Nitric Oxide-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel Pathway in the Antinociceptive Activity of Cardamonin in Acute Pain Animal Models" Molecules 25, no. 22: 5385. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225385