Lignans and Gut Microbiota: An Interplay Revealing Potential Health Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Lignans during Gastrointestinal Digestion and Fermentation Process
3. Intraindividual and Interindividual Variability in the Conversion of Plant Lignans
4. Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Enterolignans
5. Potential of Enterolignans as Health-Promoters and Modulators of the Gut–Brain Axis
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Structure | Class | Major Food Sources |
---|---|---|---|
Secoisolariciresinol | Dibenzylbutane lignan | Flaxseed (257.6 mg/100 g FW) Cashew nut (6.7 mg/100 g FW) | |
Matairesinol | Dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan | Sesame seed (29.8 mg/100 FW) Flaxseed (6.7 mg/100 g FW) | |
Lariciresinol | Furan lignan | Broccoli (97.2 mg/100 g FW) Kale (59.9 mg/100 g FW) | |
Medioresinol | Furofuran lignan | Sesame seed (4.1 mg/100 g FW) Cloudberry (0.48 mg/100 g FW) | |
Pinoresinol | Furofuran lignan | Olive oil (2.4 mg/100 g FW) EVOO (0.42 mg/100 g FW) | |
Syringaresinol | Furofuran lignan | Rye, whole grain flour (0.9 mg/100 g FW) Avocado (0.4 mg/100 g FW) | |
Sesamin | Furofuran lignan | Sesame seed, oil (644.5 mg/100 g FW) Sesame seed (538.1 mg/100 g FW) | |
Sesamolin | Furofuran lignan | Sesame seed, oil (287.3 mg/100 g FW) Sesame seed (133.9 mg/100 g FW) |
Plant Lignan Source | Experiment Type | Main Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Wheat bread; Rye bread | Crossover intervention using pigs. | Conversion of parent lignans in EL. MAT and SECO showed the higher conversion rate. | [36] |
Oilseeds mix | In vitro fermentation using women feces. | Lower effectiveness in the conversion ED in EL in postmenopausal period. | [20] |
BeneFlax® | In vivo study based on healthy adults. | Plasma concentration of flaxseed lignans SECO, ED, and EL correlated with daily oral supplementation of flaxseed lignan–enriched complex. | [13] |
LinumLife Extra | SHIME (considering low and high enterolignan producers) | Marked differences in EL/ED ratio over the experimental period. | [29] |
Whole flaxseed and flaxseed flour | In vitro fermentation using pooled human feces. | Major ED production as resulting by flaxseed flour.Similar production of EL for both food matrices. | [10] |
Flaxseed extract | In vitro fermentation using children feces. | Dihydroxy-ED detected as the major metabolites. | [32] |
Single lignan compounds (MAT, SECO, PDG, SYR diglucoside, HMAT). | In vitro fermentation using pooled human feces. | Major conversion rates observed for SECO (72%), MAT (62%), and PDG (55%). | [37] |
Habitual diet | Food record on urine collected from premenopausal women. | ED was detected over the limit of detection as major metabolite in all urine samples. | [38] |
Ground linseed | Healthy women increasing the consumption of fruit and vegetables. Collection of serum and urine samples. | Increase in the concentration of ED (as main metabolite) in both serum and urine samples. | [39] |
Isolate SDG | Plasma and urine samples collected from mean and women. | Extraction of urinary EL was 2-fold higher than enterodiol. Plasma concentration of ED was higher in women. | [31] |
Wheat and rye diet | Feces and urine collected from pigs. | EL was the predominant circulating lignan found in both biofluids and significantly correlated to the higher plant lignan intake. | [25] |
Flaxseed | Collection of serum samples from healthy men. | 10-fold increase in serum concentration of ED and EL. | [33] |
Sesame, flaxseed and sesame seeds | In vitro fermentation and collection of urine from rats. | Higher conversion rate of parent compounds in ED. | [19] |
Habitual diet | Food record on endoscopy men and women (collection of plasma samples). | Higher levels of EL detected in biofluids. | [28] |
Whole grains and refined grains | Food record on urine samples collected from health volunteers. | No linear correlation between lignans intake and EL excretion. | [9] |
Habitual diet | Food record on urine samples collected from healthy men. | EL production was correlated with a higher intake of vegetables and berries consumption. | [27] |
Pure sesamin and sesame seed | In vitro fermentation using pooled human feces. | EL was the main metabolite of sesamin. | [40] |
LinumLifeTM | In vitro fermentation using feces collected from women. | ED detected in higher % when compared with EL. High inter-variability detected. | [35] |
SDG and flaxseed consumption | In vitro fermentation and collection of urine samples. | Great inter- and intra-variability detected when considering the different donors. | [15] |
Single compounds (SECO, HMAT, and MAT) | Urine samples collected from rats. | Different proportions of excreted EL and ED depending on the lignan precursor. | [41] |
Flaxseed extracts (high in SDG) | Serum and urine samples collected from postmenopausal women. | Great dose-response effect observed when considering EL and ED production. | [11] |
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Senizza, A.; Rocchetti, G.; Mosele, J.I.; Patrone, V.; Callegari, M.L.; Morelli, L.; Lucini, L. Lignans and Gut Microbiota: An Interplay Revealing Potential Health Implications. Molecules 2020, 25, 5709. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235709
Senizza A, Rocchetti G, Mosele JI, Patrone V, Callegari ML, Morelli L, Lucini L. Lignans and Gut Microbiota: An Interplay Revealing Potential Health Implications. Molecules. 2020; 25(23):5709. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235709
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenizza, Alice, Gabriele Rocchetti, Juana I. Mosele, Vania Patrone, Maria Luisa Callegari, Lorenzo Morelli, and Luigi Lucini. 2020. "Lignans and Gut Microbiota: An Interplay Revealing Potential Health Implications" Molecules 25, no. 23: 5709. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235709