Assessment of Pesticide Residue Content in Polish Agricultural Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Soil Physicochemical Properties
2.2. OCP Soil Concentrations
2.3. NCP Soil Concentrations
2.4. Relationship between Soil Properties and Pesticide Residue Concentrations
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Soil Sampling
3.2. Basic Soil Property Determination
3.3. OCP Concentration Determination
3.4. NCP Concentration Determination
3.5. Statistics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the OCP and NCP compounds are available from the authors. |
Soil Properties | Min | Max. | Me | CoV | LQ | UQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clay (%) | 0.0 | 47.0 | 3.0 | 112 | 2.0 | 6.0 |
Silt (%) | 2.0 | 83.0 | 28.0 | 62 | 19.0 | 56.0 |
Sand (%) | 11 | 97 | 66 | 43 | 35 | 78 |
pH in KCl | 3.1 | 7.4 | 5.0 | 21 | 4.2 | 5.9 |
TOC (g kg−1) | 3.6 | 38.4 | 9.8 | 45 | 8.3 | 3.1 |
TN (g kg−1) | 0.4 | 3.6 | 1.1 | 42 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
TC/TN | 4.03 | 15.6 | 9.4 | 18 | 8.2 | 10.1 |
Min | Max | Aver | Me | LQ | UQ | SD | CoV | Kurtosis | Skewness | No. and % of Samples with Detected Pesticide Compound | Acceptable Limits (JoL 2016 Item 1395) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) | ||||||||||||
pp’DDT | 0.12 | 202.68 | 18.23 | 8.54 | 2.47 | 22.50 | 26.91 | 148 | 16 | 4 | 216 (100%) | - |
pp’DDE | <0.1 | 79.87 | 4.06 | 1.53 | 0.56 | 4.06 | 8.65 | 213 | 41 | 3 | 211 (98%) | - |
pp’DDD | <0.1 | 267.52 | 23.60 | 9.58 | 4.25 | 25.33 | 39.56 | 168 | 18 | 6 | 211 (98%) | - |
∑ DDT | 0.61 | 484.64 | 44.60 | 24.73 | 8.78 | 53.47 | 64.35 | 144 | 17 | 4 | 216 (100%) | 120 |
α-HCH | <0.1 | 192.64 | 96.96 | 96.96 | 49.12 | 144.80 | 135.32 | 140 | −3 | 1 | 4 (2%) | 25 |
β-HCH | <0.1 | 1008.57 | 339.55 | 8.57 | 5.04 | 508.57 | 579.40 | 171 | −1 | 2 | 6 (3%) | 10 |
γ-HCH | <0.1 | 7.27 | 3.04 | 1.53 | 1.17 | 4.79 | 2.78 | 92 | −1 | 1 | 6 (3%) | 10 |
∑ HCH | 0.98 | 1008.57 | 152.78 | 3.70 | 1.22 | 54.38 | 352.31 | 231 | 7 | 6 | 8 (4%) | - |
∑ OCPs | 4.03 | 1037.59 | 61.70 | 34.63 | 15.86 | 66.46 | 97.62 | 158 | 49 | 3 | 216 (100%) | - |
Nonchlorinated Pesticides (NCPs) | ||||||||||||
Atrazine | <0.01 | 15.85 | 0.63 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.56 | 1.27 | 201 | 122 | 10 | 173 (80%) | 50 |
Carbaryl | <0.01 | 28.07 | 2.11 | 0.77 | 0.38 | 1.38 | 4.59 | 3 | 24 | 5 | 45 (20%) | 200 |
Carbofuran | <0.01 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 17 | −3 | 0 | 4 (2%) | 200 |
Maneb | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | 0 (0%) | 200 |
∑ NCPs | <0.01 | 43.92 | 1.17 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 1.02 | 3.58 | 308 | 118 | 10 | 176 (82%) | - |
OCPs | NCPs | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pp’DDT | pp’DDE | pp’DDD | α-HCH | β-HCH | γ-HCH | Atrazine | Carbaryl | Carbofuran | Maneb | |
Molecule structure | | | | | | | | | | |
Pesticide type | Insecticide | Insecticide | Insecticide | Insecticide | Insecticide | Insecticide | Herbicide | Insecticide | Insecticide | Fungicide |
Molecular weight (g mol−1) | 354.49 | 318.02 | 320.04 | 290.82 | 290.82 | 290.82 | 215.68 | 201.22 | 221.26 | 265.30 |
Water solublility (mg l−1) | 0.006 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 2.0 | 2.41 | 8.52 | 35 | 9.1 | 322 | 178 |
log Ko/w | 6.91 | 6.51 | 6.02 | 3.82 | 3.57 | 3.50 | 2.7 | 2.36 | 1.8 | −0.45 |
Vapor pressure (mPa) | 0.025 | - | 0.18 | 5.99 | 0.029 | 4.40 | 0.039 | 0.042 | 0.08 | 0.014 |
Soil degradation, DT 50 (days) | 6200 | 5000 | 1000 | 175 | 10 | 980 | 75 | 16 | 29 | 7 |
Bioconcentration factor (l kg−1) | 3173 | 1800 | - | 20 | 527 | 1300 | 4.3 | 44 | 12 | Low risk |
Threshold of toxicological concern (Cramer class) | High (class III) | High (class III) | High (class III) | High (class III) | High (class III) | High (class III) | High (class III) | High (class III) | High (class III) | High (class III) |
Parameter | GC-µECD | GC-MS/MS |
---|---|---|
Injection mode | Splitless | Hot-splitless; MMI injection mode |
Injection volume | 2 μL | 2 μL |
Inlet temperature | 225 °C | 280 °C |
Carrier gas | He constant flow 2.00 mL/min | He, constant flow 1.00 mL min−1 (column 2 = 1.20 mL min−1) |
Detector temperatutre | 325 °C | - |
Makeup gas | N2, constant flow 40 mL min−1 | - |
Oven program | 50 °C for 1 min, 30 °C/min to 180 °C, 180 °C, for 1 min, 3 °C/min to 205 °C, 205 °C for 4 min, 20 °C/min to 290 °C, 290 °C for 7 min | 70 °C for 2 min 25 °C/min to 150 °C for 0 min; 3 °C/min to 200 °C for 0 min; 8 °C/min to 280 °C for 10 min hold time |
MS transfer line temperature | - | 280 °C |
Backflush settings | - | 5 min during post-run/310 °C |
Aux EPC pressure | - | ~50 psi |
Inlet pressure | - | ~2 psi |
Column pressure | - | ~3 psi |
Electron energy | - | 70 eV |
MS1 and MS2 resolution | - | Wide |
Collision cell | - | 1.5 mL min−1 N2 and 2.25 mL min−1 He |
Source temperature | - | 300 °C |
Quad temperatures | - | 150 °C |
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Ukalska-Jaruga, A.; Smreczak, B.; Siebielec, G. Assessment of Pesticide Residue Content in Polish Agricultural Soils. Molecules 2020, 25, 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030587
Ukalska-Jaruga A, Smreczak B, Siebielec G. Assessment of Pesticide Residue Content in Polish Agricultural Soils. Molecules. 2020; 25(3):587. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030587
Chicago/Turabian StyleUkalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra, Bożena Smreczak, and Grzegorz Siebielec. 2020. "Assessment of Pesticide Residue Content in Polish Agricultural Soils" Molecules 25, no. 3: 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030587