Exploration of Rapid Evaporative-Ionization Mass Spectrometry as a Shotgun Approach for the Comprehensive Characterization of Kigelia Africana (Lam) Benth. Fruit
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Mass Spectral Data
2.2. Phenol-Like Compounds
2.3. Lipid Compounds
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Samples
3.2. Reagents and Material
3.3. Rapid Evaporative-Ionization Mass Spectrometry (REIMS) Instrumentation and Analytical Conditions
3.4. LC-PDA/MS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds of Kigelia africana (Lam) Benth.
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Cragg, G.M.; Newman, D.J.; Snader, K.M. Natural products in drug discovery and development. J. Nat. Prod. 1997, 60, 52–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO. WHO Guidelines on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) for Medicinal Plants; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Oladele, A.T.; Alade, G.O.; Omobuwajo, O.R. Medicinal plants conservation and cultivation by traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) in Aiyedaade Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am. 2011, 2, 476–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azu, O.O.; Duru, F.I.O.; Osinubi, A.A.; Oremosu, A.A.; Norohna, C.C.; Okanlawon, A.O.; Elesha, S.O. Long-term treatment with Kigelia africana fruit extract ameliorates the testicular toxicity following cisplatin administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 388–397. [Google Scholar]
- Osmana, A.G.; Ali, Z.; Chittiboyina, A.G.; Khan, I.A. Kigelia africana Fruit: Constituents, Bioactivity, and Reflection on Composition Disparities. World J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2017, 3, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olaleye, M.T.; Rocha, J.B. Commonly used tropical medicinal plants exhibit distinct in vitro antioxidant activities against hepatotoxins in rat liver. Exp. Toxical. Pathol. 2007, 58, 433–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akunyili, D.N.; Houghton, P.J. Meroterpenoids and naphthaquinones from Kigelia pinnata. Phytochemistry 1993, 32, 1015–1018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kolodziej, H. Protective role of Kigelia africana fruits against benzo(a) pyrene induced fore-stomach tumourigenesis in mice and against albumen induced inflammation in rates. Pharmacol. Lett. 1997, 213, 67–70. [Google Scholar]
- El-Sayyad, S.M. Flavonoids of the leaves and fruits of Kigelia pinnata. Fitoterapia 1981, 52, 189–191. [Google Scholar]
- Khan, M.R.; Mlungwana, S.M. γ-Sitosterol, a cytotoxic sterol from Markhamia zanzibarica and Kigelia africana. Fitoterapia 1999, 70, 96–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gouda, Y.G.; Abdel-baky, A.M.; Darwish, F.M.; Mohamed, K.M.; Kasai, R.; Yamasaki, K. Iridoids from Kigelia pinnata DC. Fruits. Phytochemistry 2003, 63, 887–892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jabeen, B.; Riaz, N. Isolation and characterization of limonoids from Kigelia africana. Z. Nat. 2013, 68, 1041–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balog, J.; Sasi-Szabó, L.; Kinross, J.; Lewis, M.R.; Muirhead, L.J.; Veselkov, K.; Mirnezami, R.; Dezső, B.; Damjanovich, L.; Darzi, A.; et al. Intraoperative tissue identification using rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry. Sci. Transl. Med. 2013, 5, 194ra93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alexander, J.; Gildea, L.; Balog, J.; Speller, A.; McKenzie, J.; Muirhead, L.; Scott, A.; Kontovounisios, C.; Rasheed, S.; Teare, J.; et al. A novel methodology for in vivo endoscopic phenotyping of colorectal cancer based on real-time analysis of the mucosal lipidome: A prospective observational study of the iKnife. Surg. Endosc. 2016, 31, 1361–1370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Phelps, D.L.; Balog, J.; Gildea, L.F.; Bodai, Z.; Savage, A.; El-Bahrawy, M.A.; Speller, A.V.M.; Rosini, F.; Kudo, H.; McKenzie, J.S.; et al. The surgical intelligent knife distinguishes normal, borderline and malignant gynaecological tissues using rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry (REIMS). Br. J. Cancer 2018, 118, 1349–1358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rigano, F.; Stead, S.; Mangraviti, D.; Jandova, R.; Petit, D.; Marino, N.; Mondello, L. Use of an “Intelligent Knife” (iknife), Based on the Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry Technology, for Authenticity Assessment of Pistachio Samples. Food Anal. Methods 2019, 12, 558–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, Q.; Li, L.; Song, G.; Feng, J.; Li, S.; Wang, Y.; Ma, J.; Wang, H. Development of an intelligent surgical knife rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry based method for real-time differentiation of cod from oilfish. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2020, 86, 103355–103362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balog, J.; Szaniszlo, T.; Schaefer, K.C.; Denes, J.; Lopata, A.; Godorhazy, L.; Szalay, D.; Balogh, L.; Sasi-Szabo, L.; Toth, M.; et al. Identification of Biological Tissues by Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 7343–7350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Genangeli, M.; Heeren, R.M.A.; Porta Siegel, T. Tissue classification by rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS): Comparison between a diathermic knife and CO2 laser sampling on classification performance. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2019, 411, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Balog, J.; Kumar, S.; Alexander, J.; Golf, O.; Huang, J.; Wiggins, T.; Abbassi-Ghadi, N.; Enyedi, A.; Kacska, S.; Kinross, J.; et al. In Vivo Endoscopic Tissue Identification by Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry (REIMS). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 11059–11062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balog, J.; Perenyi, D.; Guallar-Hoyas, C.; Egri, A.; Pringle, S.D.; Stead, S.; Chevallier, O.P.; Elliott, C.T.; Takats, Z. Identification of the Species of Origin for Meat Products by Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2016, 64, 4793–4800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verplanken, K.; Stead, S.; Jandova, R.; Van Poucke, C.; Claereboudt, J.; Vanden Bussche, J.; De Saeger, S.; Takats, Z.; Wauters, J.; Vanhaecke, L. Rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry for high-throughput screening in food analysis: The case of boar taint. Talanta 2017, 169, 30–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Black, C.; Chevallier, O.P.; Haughey, S.A.; Balog, J.; Stead, S.; Pringle, S.D.; Riina, M.V.; Martucci, F.; Acutis, P.L.; Morris, M.; et al. A real time metabolomic profiling approach to detecting fish fraud using rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry. Metabolomics 2017, 13, 153–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lin, Y.; Wang, H.; Rao, W.; Cui, Y.; Yu, X.; Dai, Z.; Shen, Q. Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics Tracking of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) during In Vitro Multiple-Stage Digestion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 6246–6253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rigano, F.; Mangraviti, D.; Stead, S.; Martin, N.; Petit, D.; Dugo, P.; Mondello, L. Rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry coupled with an electrosurgical knife for the rapid identification of Mediterranean Sea species Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2019, 411, 6603–6614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, Q.; Wang, J.; Li, S.; Rao, W.; Wang, Y.; Wang, H. In Situ rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry method for real-time discrimination of Pelodiscus sinensis in different culturing modes without sample preparation. Food Anal. Methods 2019, 12, 2699–2708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strittmatter, N.; Rebec, M.; Jones, E.A.; Golf, O.; Abdolrasouli, A.; Balog, J.; Behrends, V.; Veselkov, K.A.; Takats, Z. Characterization and Identification of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms Using Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 6555–6562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Golf, O.; Strittmatter, N.; Karancsi, T.; Pringle, S.D.; Speller, A.V.M.; Mroz, A.; Kinross, J.M.; Abbassi-Ghadi, N.; Jones, E.A.; Takats, Z. Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Platform for Direct Mapping from Bulk Tissue and Bacterial Growth Media. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 2527–2534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bolt, F.; Cameron, S.J.S.; Karancsi, T.; Simon, D.; Schaffer, R.; Rickards, T.; Hardiman, K.; Burke, A.; Bodai, Z.; Perdones-Montero, A.; et al. Automated High-Throughput Identification and Characterization of Clinically Important Bacteria and Fungi using Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 9419–9426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bodai, Z.; Cameron, S.; Bolt, F.; Simon, D.; Schaffer, R.; Karancsi, T.; Balog, J.; Rickards, T.; Burke, A.; Hardiman, K.; et al. Effect of Electrode Geometry on the Classification Performance of Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometric (REIMS) Bacterial Identification. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2018, 29, 26–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Golf, O.; Muirhead, L.J.; Speller, A.; Balog, J.; Abbassi-Ghadi, N.; Kumar, S.; Mróz, A.; Veselkov, K.; Takáts, Z. XMS: Cross-Platform Normalization Method for Multimodal Mass Spectrometric Tissue Profiling. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2015, 26, 44–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- St John, E.R.; Balog, J.; McKenzie, J.S.; Rossi, M.; Covington, A.; Muirhead, L.; Bodai, Z.; Rosini, F.; Speller, A.V.M.; Shousha, S.; et al. Rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry of electrosurgical vapours for the identification of breast pathology: Towards an intelligent knife for breast cancer surgery. Breast Cancer Res. 2017, 19, 59–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wagh, M.S.; Wani, S.B. Gastrointestinal Interventional Endoscopy: Advanced Techniques; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-3-030-21695-5. [Google Scholar]
- Human Metabolome Database. Available online: http://www.hmdb.ca/ (accessed on 11 December 2019).
- Metlin. Available online: https://metlin.scripps.edu/landing_page.php?pgcontent=mainPage (accessed on 11 December 2019).
- LIPID MAPS Lipidomics Gateway. Available online: https://www.lipidmaps.org/ (accessed on 11 December 2019).
- Picerno, P.; Autore, G.; Marzocco, S.; Meloni, M.; Sanogo, R.; Aquino, R.P. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Verminoside from Kigelia africana and Evaluation of Cutaneous Irritation in Cell Cultures and Reconstituted Human Epidermis. J. Nat. Prod. 2005, 68, 1610–1614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bello, I.; Shehu, M.W.; Musa, M.; Asmawi, M.Z.; Mahmud, R. Kigelia africana (Lam) Benth. (Sausage tree): Phytochemistry and pharmacological review of a quintessential African traditional medicinal plant. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 189, 253–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hussain, T.; Fatima, I.; Rafay, M.; Shabir, S.; Akram, M.; Bano, S. Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of leaves, fruit and bark of Kigelia africana. Pak. J. Bot. 2016, 48, 277–283. [Google Scholar]
- Micheli, V.; Sanogo, R.; Mobilia, M.A.; Occhiuto, F. Effects of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Fruits extract on the development and maturation of the reproductive system in immature male rats. Nat. Prod. Res. 2019, 1, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Costa, R.; Albergamo, A.; Pellizzeri, V.; Dugo, G. Phytochemical screening by LC-MS and LC-PDA of ethanolic extracts from the fruits of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Nat. Prod. Res. 2016, 31, 1397–1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Falode, J.A.; Obafemi, T.O.; Akinmoladun, A.; Olaleye, M.; Boligon, A.; Athayde, M.L. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Fingerprinting and Comparative Antioxidant Properties of Fruit and Leaf Extracts of Kigelia africana. Int. J. Pharm. Phytochem. Res. 2016, 8, 1645–1656. [Google Scholar]
- Sidjui, L.; Toghueo, R.M.K.; Zeuko’, E.M.; Mbouna, C.D.J.; Mahiou-Leddet, V.; Herbette, G.; Fekam, F.B.; Ollivier, E.; Folefoc, G.N. Antibacterial activity of the crude extracts, fractions and compounds from the stem barks of Jacaranda mimosifolia and Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae). Pharmacologia 2016, 7, 22–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomes, M.N.; Augustine, T.N.; Moyoa, D.; Chivandi, E. Differential response of breast cancer cell lines to Kigelia africana, Ximenia caffra and Mimusops zeyheri seed oils. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 121, 463–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample Availability: Samples are available from the authors. |
m/z | Chemical Class | Ion Mode | Average S/N | CV% Intraday–Intrasamplen n = 3 | CV% Interday–Intersamplen n = 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
281.2481 | Fatty acid | - | 160.85 | 7.88 | 8.27 |
487.0825 | phenol | + | 66.90 | 9.25 | 16.78 |
523.1470 | iridoid | - | 13.12 | 21.36 | 23.09 |
603.5354 | diglyceride | + | 24.33 | 0.56 | 14.54 |
725.5056 | phospholipid | - | 5.80 | 19.42 | 15.85 |
877.7289 | triglyceride | + | 86.39 | 15.16 | 18.97 |
915.6842 | triglyceride | + | 121.00 | 5.03 | 5.33 |
Detected Ion (m/z) | Tentative Assignment | Detected Ion | Chemical Formula | Theoretical Mass | Mass Error (ppm) | Chemical Class | Area % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
109.0291 | Pyrocatechol | [M − H]− | C6H5O2 | 109.0295 | −3.67 | Phenol | 1.64 |
137.0249 | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid # | [M − H]− | C7H5O3 | 137.0244 | 3.30 | Phenol | 20.98 |
141.0199 | Kojic acid * | [M − H]− | C6H5O4 | 141.0193 | −4.25 | Pyranone | 0.33 |
151.0395 | Vanillin # | [M − H]− | C8H7O3 | 151.0395 | 0 | Phenol | 7.33 |
153.0556 | Vanillin alcohol # | [M − H]− | C8H9O3 | 153.0551 | −3.26 | Phenol | 2.52 |
163.0399 | p-coumaric acid *,# | [M − H]− | C9H7O3 | 163.0395 | −2.45 | Phenol | 9.16 |
179.0347 | Caffeic Acid *,# | [M − H]− | C9H7O4 | 179.0344 | −1.67 | Phenol | 4.01 |
239.0704 | Dehydro-α-lapochone * | [M − H]− | C15H11O3 | 239.0708 | −1.67 | Quinone | 8.14 |
241.0850 | Lapachol * | [M − H]− | C15H13O3 | 241.0865 | 6.22 | Quinone | 4.09 |
253.0495 | Daidzein # | [M − H]− | C15H9O4 | 253.0500 | 1.98 | Phenol | 2.04 |
355.1037 | 1-O-Feruloylglucose | [M − H]− | C16H19O9 | 355.1035 | −0.56 | Phenol | 5.00 |
383.1164 | Piperenol A | [M − H]− | C21H19O7 | 383.1131 | −8.61 | Benzoate | 30.76 |
523.1470 | Verminoside * | [M − H]− | C24H27O13 | 523.1451 | −3.63 | Phenol/iridoid | 4.01 |
TOTAL | 100 | ||||||
383.0776 | Rosmarinic acid * | [M + Na]+ | C18H16O8Na | 383.0742 | 8.87 | Phenol | 9.25 |
475.0970 | Epigallocatechin-p-coumaroate | [M + Na]+ | C24H20O9Na | 475.1005 | −7.37 | Phenol | 60.91 |
487.0825 | Isoquercetrin *,# | [M + Na]+ | C21H20O12Na | 487.0852 | −5.54 | Phenol | 22.35 |
547.1375 | Verminoside* | [M + Na]+ | C24H28O13Na | 547.1427 | −9.50 | Phenol/iridoid | 7.49 |
TOTAL | 100 | ||||||
491.0701 | Epigallocatechin-p-coumaroate | [M + K]+ | C24H20O9K | 491.0744 | −8.76 | Phenol | 8.98 |
549.1154 | Piperenol A triacetate | [M + K]+ | C27H26O10K | 549.1163 | 1.64 | Benzoate | 66.66 |
563.1129 | Verminoside * | [M + K]+ | C24H28O13K | 563.1167 | −6.75 | Phenol/iridoid | 24.35 |
TOTAL | 100 | ||||||
531.1043 | Daidzein # | [2M + Na]+ | C30H20O8Na | 531.1055 | −2.26 | Phenol | 100 |
Detected Ion (m/z) | Tentative Assignment | Detected Ion | Chemical Formula | Theoretical Mass | Mass Error (ppm) | Area% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
227.2012 | C14:0 | [M − H]− | C14H27O2 | 227.2011 | −0.44 | 0.26 |
253.2173 | C16:1 | [M − H]− | C16H29O2 | 253.2167 | −2.34 | 0.33 |
255.2325 | C16:0 | [M − H]− | C16H31O2 | 255.2324 | −0.91 | 11.51 |
267.2319 | C17:1 | [M − H]− | C17H31O2 | 267.2324 | 1.87 | 0.62 |
269.2479 | C17:0 | [M − H]− | C17H33O2 | 269.2480 | 0.37 | 0.53 |
277.2169 | C18:3 | [M − H]− | C18H29O2 | 277.2167 | −0.72 | 19.74 |
279.2328 | C18:2 | [M − H]− | C18H31O2 | 279.2324 | −1.43 | 22.91 |
281.2481 | C18:1 | [M − H]− | C18H33O2 | 281.2480 | −0.35 | 27.79 |
283.2632 | C18:0 | [M − H]− | C18H35O2 | 283.2637 | 1.76 | 5.29 |
297.2429 | C18:1OH | [M − H]− | C18H33O3 | 297.2435 | 2.02 | 1.02 |
309.2791 | C20:1 | [M − H]− | C20H37O2 | 309.2793 | 0.65 | 0.37 |
311.2950 | C20:0 | [M − H]− | C20H39O2 | 311.2950 | 0 | 1.02 |
325.3114 | C21:0 | [M − H]− | C21H41O2 | 325.3106 | −2.46 | 1.70 |
339.3252 | C22:0 | [M − H]− | C22H43O2 | 339.3263 | 3.24 | 0.92 |
TOTAL FAs | 93.99 | |||||
671.4620 | PA (C34:2) | [M − H]− | C37H68O8P | 671.4657 | −5.51 | 0.45 |
673.4767 | PA (C34:1) | [M − H]− | C37H70O8P | 673.4814 | −6.97 | 0.25 |
685.4788 | PA (C35:2) | [M − H]− | C38H70O8P | 685.4814 | −3.79 | 0.19 |
693.4537 | PA (C136:5) | [M − H]− | C39H66O8P | 693.4501 | 5.19 | 0.07 |
695.4607 | PA (C18:3/18:1 + C18:2/C18:2) # | [M − H]− | C39H68O8P | 695.4657 | −7.18 | 0.29 |
697.4779 | PA (C18:2/18:1 + C18:3/C18:0) # | [M − H]− | C39H70O8P | 697.4814 | −5.02 | 0.75 |
699.4944 | PA (C18:1/C18:1) # | [M − H]− | C39H72O8P | 699.4970 | −3.72 | 0.75 |
723.4934 | PA(C20:1/C18:3) # | [M − H]− | C41H72O8P | 723.4970 | −4.97 | 0.35 |
725.5056 | PA (C38:3) | [M − H]− | C41H74O8P | 725.5127 | −9.78 | 0.35 |
727.5222 | PA (C38:2) | [M − H]− | C41H76O8P | 727.5283 | −8.38 | 0.22 |
742.5382 | PE (C18:1/C18:1) # | [M − H]− | C41H77NO8P | 742.5392 | −1.34 | 0.26 |
747.5159 | PG (C34:1) | [M − H]− | C40H76O10P | 747.5176 | 2.27 | 0.21 |
749.5262 | PG (C34:0) | [M − H]− | C40H78O10P | 749.5332 | 9.34 | 0.22 |
831.4979 | PI (C34:3) | [M + H]− | C43H76O13P | 831.5023 | 5.29 | 0.08 |
833.5137 | PI (C34:2) | [M − H]− | C43H78O13P | 833.5180 | 5.16 | 0.61 |
835.5310 | PI (C34:1) | [M − H]− | C43H80O13P | 835.5336 | 3.11 | 0.12 |
857.5195 | PI (C18:3/18:1 + C18:2/C18:2) # | [M − H]− | C45H78O13P | 857.5180 | −1.75 | 0.07 |
859.5300 | PI (18:2/C18:1 + C18:3/C18:0) # | [M − H]− | C45H80O13P | 859.5336 | 4.19 | 0.30 |
861.5469 | PI (C18:2/C18:1) # | [M − H]− | C45H82O13P | 861.5493 | 2.78 | 0.47 |
TOTAL PLs | 6.01 | |||||
TOTAL (Fas + PLs) | 100 | |||||
313.2746 | MG (C16:0) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C19H37O3 | 313.2737 | 2.87 | 1.77 |
335.2592 | MG (C18:3) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C21H35O3 | 335.2581 | 3.28 | 2.71 |
337.2744 | MG (C18:2) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C21H37O3 | 337.2737 | 2.07 | 2.41 |
339.2898 | MG (C18:1) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C21H39O3 | 339.2894 | 1.18 | 2.61 |
341.3053 | MG (C18:0) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C21H41O3 | 341.3050 | 0.88 | 1.48 |
TOTAL MGs | 10.98 | |||||
573.4885 | DG (C34:3) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C37H65O4 | 573.4883 | −0.35 | 1.32 |
575.5036 | DG (C34:2) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C37H67O4 | 575.5040 | 0.69 | 1.89 |
577.5197 | DG (C34:1) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C37H69O4 | 577.5196 | −0.17 | 3.09 |
579.5328 | DG (C34:0) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C37H71O4 | 579.5353 | 4.31 | 2.46 |
595.4726 | DG (C36:6) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C39H63O4 | 595.4727 | 0.17 | 1.75 |
597.4885 | DG (C36:5) | [M + H − H2O]+ | C39H65O4 | 597.4883 | −0.33 | 3.02 |
599.5039 | DG (C18:3/C18:1 + C18:2/C18:2) # | [M + H − H2O]+ | C39H67O4 | 599.5040 | 0.17 | 4.25 |
601.5198 | DG (C18:2/C18:1 + C18:3/C18:0) # | [M + H − H2O]+ | C39H69O4 | 601.5195 | 0.50 | 3.92 |
603.5354 | DG (C18:1/C18:1) # | [M + H − H2O]+ | C39H71O4 | 603.5352 | −0.33 | 3.41 |
605.5507 | DG (C18:0/C18:1) # | [M + H − H2O]+ | C39H73O4 | 605.5508 | 0.16 | 1.57 |
607.5642 | DG (C18:0/C18:0) # | [M + H − H2O]+ | C39H75O4 | 607.5666 | 3.95 | 2.68 |
TOTAL DGs | 29.36 | |||||
851.7137 | TG (C52:6) | [M + H]+ | C55H95O6 | 851.7128 | 1.06 | 2.66 |
853.7281 | TG (C52:5) | [M + H]+ | C55H97O6 | 853.7285 | −0.46 | 3.90 |
855.7436 | TG (C18:3/C18:1/C16:0) # | [M + H]+ | C55H99O6 | 855.7436 | 0 | 3.42 |
857.7581 | TG (C52:3) | [M + H]+ | C55H101O6 | 857.7598 | −1.98 | 1.66 |
859.7742 | TG (C52:0) | [M + H]+ | C55H103O6 | 859.7754 | −1.39 | 0.47 |
873.6983 | TG (C54:9) | [M + H]+ | C57H93O6 | 873.6972 | 1.25 | 5.15 |
875.7136 | TG (C54:8) | [M + H]+ | C57H95O6 | 875.7128 | 0.91 | 8.40 |
877.7289 | TG (C18:2/C18:2/C18:3 + C18:3/C18:3/C18:1) # | [M + H]+ | C57H97O6 | 877.7285 | 0.45 | 11.56 |
879.7445 | TG (C18:2/C18:1/C18:3 + C18:2/C18:2/C18:2) # | [M + H]+ | C57H99O6 | 879.7441 | 0.45 | 10.45 |
881.7601 | TG (C18:3/C18:1/C18:1 + C18:3/C18:2/C18:0) # | [M + H]+ | C57H101O6 | 881.7598 | 0.34 | 7.35 |
883.7756 | TG (C18:1/C18:1/C18:2) # | [M + H]+ | C57H103O6 | 883.7754 | 0.23 | 3.38 |
885.7910 | TG (C18:1/C18:1/C18:1) # | [M + H]+ | C57H105O6 | 885.7911 | −0.11 | 1.26 |
TOTAL TGs | 59.65 | |||||
TOTAL (MGs + DGs + TGs) | 100 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Arena, K.; Rigano, F.; Mangraviti, D.; Cacciola, F.; Occhiuto, F.; Dugo, L.; Dugo, P.; Mondello, L. Exploration of Rapid Evaporative-Ionization Mass Spectrometry as a Shotgun Approach for the Comprehensive Characterization of Kigelia Africana (Lam) Benth. Fruit. Molecules 2020, 25, 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040962
Arena K, Rigano F, Mangraviti D, Cacciola F, Occhiuto F, Dugo L, Dugo P, Mondello L. Exploration of Rapid Evaporative-Ionization Mass Spectrometry as a Shotgun Approach for the Comprehensive Characterization of Kigelia Africana (Lam) Benth. Fruit. Molecules. 2020; 25(4):962. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040962
Chicago/Turabian StyleArena, Katia, Francesca Rigano, Domenica Mangraviti, Francesco Cacciola, Francesco Occhiuto, Laura Dugo, Paola Dugo, and Luigi Mondello. 2020. "Exploration of Rapid Evaporative-Ionization Mass Spectrometry as a Shotgun Approach for the Comprehensive Characterization of Kigelia Africana (Lam) Benth. Fruit" Molecules 25, no. 4: 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040962