Higher Levels of Low Molecular Weight Sulfur Compounds and Homocysteine Thiolactone in the Urine of Autistic Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patients and Sample Collection
4.2. Preparation of Urine Samples
4.2.1. Sample Preparation for Urinary HTL
4.2.2. Sample Preparation for Urinary Cys and CysGly
4.3. Analytical Methods
4.4. Urinary Creatinine Determination
4.5. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Ethics Statement
Abbreviations
ASD | autism spectrum disorder |
BMI | body mass index |
CBS | cystathionine β-synthase |
CE | capillary electrophoresis |
CMQT | 2-chloro-1-methylquinolinium tetrafluoroborate |
Cys | cysteine |
CysGly | cysteinylglycine |
DAD | diode-array detector |
γ-GluCys | γ-glutamylcysteine |
GSH | glutathione |
Hcy | homocysteine |
HTL | homocysteine thiolactone |
IQR | interquartile range |
LOD | limit of detection |
LOQ | limit of quantitation |
MTHFR | methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase |
RP-HPLC/UV–Vis | high-performance reverse phase liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric detection |
SD | standard deviation |
TCEP | tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine |
UV | ultra-violet detection |
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Name of Compound | Population | Mean | Conf. −95% | Conf. +95% | Median | Min. | Max. | Lower Quartile | Upper Quartile | Variance | Std.Dev. | Standard Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Homocysteine thiolactone | ASD | 10.3024 | 5.9807 | 14.6241 | 5.8872 | 0.0024 | 74.6099 | 3.3839 | 12.7344 | 168.0128 | 12.9620 | 2.1309 |
Control | 0.0079 | 0.0028 | 0.0130 | 0.0041 | 0.0003 | 0.0342 | 0.0011 | 0.0126 | 0.0001 | 0.0092 | 0.0024 | |
Cysteine | ASD | 36.8925 | 30.8243 | 42.9608 | 30.6270 | 11.1375 | 107.502 | 27.0894 | 36.8070 | 379.1978 | 19.4730 | 3.0047 |
Control | 12.3378 | 11.2617 | 13.4139 | 12.1620 | 8.3642 | 17.9055 | 10.7592 | 14.7696 | 6.1924 | 2.4885 | 0.5189 | |
Cysteinylglycine | ASD | 1.0229 | 0.8877 | 1.1582 | 1.0070 | 0.1291 | 2.3290 | 0.7689 | 1.2367 | 0.1884 | 0.4340 | 0.0670 |
Control | 0.2734 | 0.1924 | 0.3543 | 0.2920 | 0.0293 | 0.8082 | 0.0795 | 0.3847 | 0.0350 | 0.1872 | 0.0390 |
Name of Compound | ASD | non-ASD | ASD vs non-ASD |
---|---|---|---|
Homocysteine thiolactone | 10.30 ± 2.13 | 7.90 ± 2.4×10−3 | Z = −5.42, p = 5.86×10−8 |
Cysteine | 36.89 ± 3.00 | 12.34 ± 0.52 | Z = −6.41, p = 1.49×10−10 |
Cysteinylglycine | 1.02 ± 0.07 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | Z = −5.72, p = 1.06×10−8 |
ASD Group | Control Group | |
---|---|---|
Total participants | 41 | 24 |
Male | 38 (92.7%) | 16 (66.7%) |
Female | 3 (7.3%) | 8 (33.3%) |
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Gątarek, P.; Rosiak, A.; Borowczyk, K.; Głowacki, R.; Kałużna-Czaplińska, J. Higher Levels of Low Molecular Weight Sulfur Compounds and Homocysteine Thiolactone in the Urine of Autistic Children. Molecules 2020, 25, 973. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040973
Gątarek P, Rosiak A, Borowczyk K, Głowacki R, Kałużna-Czaplińska J. Higher Levels of Low Molecular Weight Sulfur Compounds and Homocysteine Thiolactone in the Urine of Autistic Children. Molecules. 2020; 25(4):973. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040973
Chicago/Turabian StyleGątarek, Paulina, Angelina Rosiak, Kamila Borowczyk, Rafał Głowacki, and Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska. 2020. "Higher Levels of Low Molecular Weight Sulfur Compounds and Homocysteine Thiolactone in the Urine of Autistic Children" Molecules 25, no. 4: 973. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040973