Evaluation of Volatile Compounds in Milks Fermented Using Traditional Starter Cultures and Probiotics Based on Odor Activity Value and Chemometric Techniques
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Composition of Volatiles in Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures
2.1.1. Distribution of Volatiles in Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures
2.1.2. Volatiles in Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures
2.2. Composition of Odor-Active Compounds in Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures
2.2.1. Distribution of Odor-Active Compounds in Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures
2.2.2. Odor-Active Compounds in Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures
2.3. Heatmap Analysis of Volatiles Profiles of Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures
2.3.1. Heatmap Analysis of Volatile Compounds of Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures Based on the Content
2.3.2. Heatmap Analysis of Volatile Compounds of Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures Based on OAVs
2.4. PCA of Volatile Profiles of Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures
2.4.1. PCA of Volatile Compounds of Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures Based on the Content
2.4.2. PCA of Volatile Compounds of Milks Fermented by Different Starter Cultures Based on the OAVs
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Fermented Milks Preparation
3.2. Extraction of Volatile Compounds
3.3. GC-MS Analysis
3.4. Identification of Volatile Compounds
3.5. Statistical Analyses
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
RI | Compound Name | Content (mg·kg−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BFM | Traditional Starter Cultures | Probiotics | ||||||
STs2 | LB8 | LL28 | LB531 | LC475 | LP45 | |||
Aldehydes | ||||||||
955 | Benzaldehyde | 1.34 ± 0.18 a | 3.39 ± 0.41 c,d | 3.70 ± 0.26 d,e | 2.77 ± 0.13 b | 3.61 ± 0.42 b,c,d | 4.15 ± 0.40 e | 3.03 ± 0.37 b,c |
1004 | Octanal | 1.45 ± 0.13 c | 0.93 ± 0.10 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | 1.17 ± 0.14 b |
1045 | Benzeneacetaldehyde | nd | nd | 1.53 ± 0.08 a | 1.77 ± 0.23 b | nd | nd | nd |
1106 | Nonanal | 8.54 ± 2.01 e | 3.03 ± 0.44 a | 6.32 ± 0.73 d | 4.43 ± 0.44 a,b,c | 3.73 ± 0.26 a,b | 5.46 ± 0.48 c,d | 4.94 ± 0.63 b,c,d |
1206 | Decanal | 2.35 ± 0.07 b | nd | 1.74 ± 0.45 a | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1216 | 2,4-Dimethyl-benzaldehyde | 6.62 ± 0.34 b | nd | 4.79 ± 0.49 a | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1308 | Undecanal | nd | nd | 2.15 ± 0.13 a | nd | 3.51 ± 0.32 c | nd | 2.98 ± 0.05 b |
1318 | (E, E)-2,4-Decadienal | 2.22 ± 0.28 a | 2.14 ± 0.47 a | 4.38 ± 0.35 c | 2.03 ± 0.23 a | 2.22 ± 0.21 a | 2.96 ± 0.43 b | 2.39 ± 0.45 a,b |
1410 | Dodecanal | 8.75 ± 1.14 a | nd | 10.99 ± 1.11 b | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1614 | Tetradecanal | 5.38 ± 0.98 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Subtotal | 36.64 ± 4.25 c | 9.49 ± 1.05 a | 35.60 ± 2.55 c | 11.00 ± 0.93 a,b | 13.07 ± 0.98 a,b | 12.57 ± 1.30 a,b | 14.52 ± 1.37 b | |
Ketones | ||||||||
891 | 2-Heptanone | 54.12 ± 2.90 a | 71.08 ± 6.41 b | 86.89 ± 7.95 c | 86.22 ± 3.86 c | 114.21 ± 8.57 d | 103.97 ± 12.81 d | 80.29 ± 5.13 b,c |
985 | Dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-thiophenone | nd | 1.58 ± 0.06 b | nd | nd | 1.43 ± 0.06 a | nd | nd |
1094 | 2-Nonanone | 64.67 ± 4.98 a | 73.13 ± 5.67 a,b | 105.42 ± 9.98 d | 90.78 ± 4.23 c | 110.68 ± 9.65 d | 109.40 ± 12.54 d | 83.74 ± 6.34 b,c |
1130 | 2-Nonen-4-one | nd | 2.23 ± 0.15 b | 29.74 ± 2.81 c | 1.72 ± 0.07 a | 3.55 ± 0.20 b | nd | 1.73 ± 0.06 a,b |
1199 | 2-Decanone | 4.52 ± 0.40 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1296 | 2-Undecanone | 88.21 ± 10.22 d | 58.96 ± 5.03 a | 73.87 ± 7.46 c | 68.83 ± 6.48 a,b | 68.47 ± 6.59 a,b | 91.10 ± 6.24 d | 57.76 ± 3.97 a |
1399 | 2-Dodecanone | 1.98 ± 0.36 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1498 | 2-Tridecanone | 112.01 ± 14.09 d | 46.51 ± 5.77 a | 66.08 ± 7.34 c | 55.40 ± 3.85 a,b | 60.19 ± 6.33 a,b | 67.07 ± 5.04 c | 55.27 ± 3.06 a,b |
1658 | (Z)-Dihydro-5-(2-octenyl)-2(3H)- furanone | nd | 10.24 ± 1.10 b | 6.90 ± 0.33 a | 10.08 ± 0.32 b | 12.45 ± 1.32 c | 13.96 ± 1.54 c | 8.89 ± 0.65 b |
1699 | 2-Pentadecanone | 79.83 ± 8.94 d | 15.93 ± 1.85 a | 24.00 ± 2.06 b,c | 19.01 ± 1.54 a,b | 27.26 ± 2.83 b | 21.64 ± 3.02 a,b,c | 16.62 ± 1.61 a,b |
1710 | 6-Heptyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one | 34.58 ± 1.90 a | 61.24 ± 7.08 b | 77.49 ± 7.75 c | 61.32 ± 7.63 b | 78.10 ± 7.31 c | 87.35 ± 7.05 c | 58.03 ± 4.13 b |
Subtotal | 439.92 ± 33.78 b,c | 340.91 ± 22.28 a | 470.38 ± 38.65 c | 393.35 ± 15.37 a,b | 476.35 ± 37.46 c | 494.48 ± 44.77 c | 362.32 ± 20.43 c,a | |
Acids | ||||||||
1008 | Hexanoic acid | nd | 104.57 ± 7.77 a,b | nd | 89.38 ± 8.03 a | 145.06 ± 12.16 c | 136.09 ± 8.64 c | 108.25 ± 15.84 b |
1086 | Heptanoic acid | nd | 3.84 ± 0.33 b | nd | nd | 1.15 ± 0.08 a | nd | nd |
1194 | Octanoic acid | nd | 444.97 ± 32.66 c,d | 37.17 ± 0.71 a | 341.76 ± 29.65 b | 494.19 ± 48.74 d | 630.76 ± 58.67 e | 420.94 ± 31.33 c |
1285 | Nonanoic acid | nd | 21.45 ± 2.02 a | nd | 22.83 ± 2.31 a | 23.24 ± 3.95 a | 26.95 ± 1.70 b | 21.54 ± 1.34 a |
1377 | Decanoic acid | nd | 1214.80 ± 130.83 b | 262.14 ± 28.60 a | 1277.22 ± 121.82 b | 1600.14 ± 117.62 c | 1803.23 ± 196.96 c | 1325.80 ± 182.11 b |
1473 | Undecanoic acid | nd | 26.64 ± 3.26 a,b | nd | 25.89 ± 2.58 a,b | 28.58 ± 0.79 c | 29.37 ± 2.52 c | 24.02 ± 2.86 a |
1568 | Dodecanoic acid | 10.92 ± 2.43 a | 780.44 ± 42.27 c | 349.29 ± 36.33 b | 842.41 ± 61.57 c,d | 926.22 ± 83.22 d,e | 990.58 ± 67.42 e | 782.37 ± 72.81 c |
1666 | Tridecanoic acid | nd | 7.47 ± 0.24 d | 4.42 ± 0.37 a | 6.72 ± 0.69 b,c,d | 7.21 ± 0.64 c,d | 5.79 ± 0.79 b | 6.20 ± 0.81 b,c |
1765 | Tetradecanoic acid | 0.98 ± 0.00 a | 399.41 ± 35.95 d | 275.51 ± 28.99 b | 410.76 ± 45.74 d | 316.44 ± 25.11 b,c | 390.32 ± 33.27 d | 354.34 ± 28.66 c,d |
1863 | Pentadecanoic acid | nd | 13.06 ± 2.45 b | 9.42 ± 0.32 a | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Subtotal | 11.90 ± 2.43 a | 3016.65 ± 246.12 c | 937.95 ± 77.39 b | 3016.97 ± 252.14 c | 3542.22 ± 184.24 d | 4013.10 ± 363.87 e | 3043.45 ± 264.52 c | |
Hydrocarbons | ||||||||
900 | Nonane | 539.67 ± 72.04 b | 576.16 ± 35.13 b,c | 621.57 ± 57.82 c | 376.36 ± 38.32 a | 322.18 ± 16.95 a | 306.53 ± 17.14 a | 297.29 ± 30.21 a |
1000 | Decane | 1.11 ± 0.15 b | 0.39 ± 0.05 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1100 | Undecane | nd | 1.54 ± 0.18 c | 0.89 ± 0.13 b | 1.76 ± 0.15 c | 1.66 ± 0.10 c | 0.53 ± 0.05 a | 1.72 ± 0.42 c |
1200 | Dodecane | 1.35 ± 0.10 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1224 | 4,8-Dimethyl-undecane | 1.09 ± 0.16 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1300 | Tridecane | nd | 1.37 ± 0.05 a | 1.78 ± 0.17 b | 1.83 ± 0.18 b | 1.62 ± 0.27 a,b | 1.76 ± 0.18 b | 1.52 ± 0.16 a,b |
1400 | Tetradecane | 3.45 ± 0.26 c | 2.01 ± 0.48 a,b | 2.62 ± 0.31 b,c | nd | nd | nd | 1.52 ± 1.11 a |
1494 | 1-Pentadecene | nd | 5.05 ± 0.93a | nd | nd | 6.16 ± 0.58 b | 5.28 ± 0.39 a | nd |
1500 | Pentadecane | 8.24 ± 0.61 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1600 | Hexadecane | 12.68 ± 0.87 c | 4.67 ± 1.48 a | 3.70 ± 0.27 a | 4.72 ± 0.69 a | 10.10 ± 1.14 b | nd | nd |
1692 | 1-Heptadecene | nd | 0.67 ± 0.12 a | 0.93 ± 0.15 b | nd | nd | 1.20 ± 0.21 c | nd |
Subtotal | 567.59 ± 72.94 c | 591.86 ± 36.86 c | 631.48 ± 58.40 c | 384.67 ± 38.68 b | 341.73 ± 16.83 a,b | 315.30 ± 17.85 a,b | 302.05 ± 30.32 a | |
Benzene derivatives | ||||||||
852 | Ethylbenzene | 3.98 ± 0.41 a | 6.09 ± 0.44 c | 5.90 ± 0.35 c | 4.80 ± 0.51 b | 4.39 ± 0.20 ab | 5.04 ± 0.17 b | 4.01 ± 0.64 a |
860 | p-Xylene | 13.19 ± 1.68 b | 17.79 ± 1.37 c | 19.35 ± 1.67 c | 16.67 ± 1.13 c | 13.58 ± 1.35 b | 10.50 ± 1.48 a | 14.00 ± 1.65 b |
884 | Styrene | 12.71 ± 1.97 d | 15.10 ± 1.15 e | 9.41 ± 0.84 b,c | 9.13 ± 1.09 b,c | 8.04 ± 1.09 a,b | 6.49 ± 0.41 a | 10.49 ± 1.57 c |
1118 | 1,2,4,5-Tetramethyl-benzene | 0.99 ± 0.15 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1183 | Naphthalene | 1.14 ± 0.07 b | nd | 0.97 ± 0.15 a | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1289 | 1-Methyl-naphthalene | 3.49 ± 0.15 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1417 | 2,3-Dimethyl-naphthalene | 1.05 ± 0.04 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Subtotal | 36.56 ± 3.83 c | 38.98 ± 2.09 c | 35.63 ± 2.21 c | 30.59 ± 1.98 b | 26.02 ± 0.47 a | 22.03 ± 1.34 a | 28.49 ± 1.39 a,b | |
Other compounds | ||||||||
991 | 2-Pentyl-furan | 2.19 ± 0.38 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1029 | Limonene | 3.67 ± 0.69 b | nd | 1.64 ± 0.17 a | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1218 | Benzothiazole | nd | nd | 0.63 ± 0.07 a | nd | nd | nd | nd |
1515 | 2,4-Dis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol | 46.85 ± 5.33 d | 18.45 ± 0.66 a,b | 25.74 ± 3.47 c | 23.37 ± 3.67 b,c | 28.34 ± 2.59 c | 17.82 ± 0.6 a | 16.25 ± 1.27 a |
Subtotal | 52.71 ± 6.06 d | 18.45 ± 0.66 ab | 28.00 ± 3.67 c | 23.37 ± 3.67 b,c | 28.34 ± 2.59 c | 17.82 ± 0.62 a,b | 16.25 ± 1.27 a | |
Total | 1145.32 ± 116.21 a | 4016.34 ± 300.98 d | 2125.68 ± 166.459 b | 3859.96 ± 228.49 c | 4427.71 ± 229.48 d | 4875.29 ± 427.64 d | 3767.08 ± 272.01 c |
Compound Name | Odor Description | Threshold (mg·kg−1) | OAVs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BFM | STs2 | LB8 | LL28 | LB531 | LC475 | LP45 | |||
Aldehydes | |||||||||
Benzaldehyde | Almond, burnt sugar [26] | 0.35 | 3.8 | 9.7 | 10.6 | 7.9 | 10.3 | 11.8 | 8.7 |
Octanal | Fat, soap, lemon, green [26] | 0.0009 | 1608.2 | 1035.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1302.1 |
Benzeneacetaldehyde | Sweet, flora [44] | 0.004 | 0 | 0 | 383.3 | 442.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nonanal | Sweet, floral, citrus, grass [34] | 0.04 | 213.4 | 75.8 | 157.9 | 110.8 | 93.3 | 136.6 | 123.6 |
Decanal | Fatty [26] | 0.03 | 78.3 | 0 | 57.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Undecanal | Fatty [26] | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 215.5 | 0 | 351.2 | 0 | 298.3 |
(E, E)-2,4-Decadienal | Fatty, green [44] | 0.0001 | 22156.6 | 21353.0 | 43761.4 | 20301.9 | 22190.4 | 29582.3 | 23910.3 |
Dodecanal | Soapy, waxy, citrus [34] | 0.0015 | 5836.5 | 0 | 7324.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ketones | |||||||||
2-Heptanone | Fresh cream [34] | 0.14 | 386.6 | 507.7 | 620.6 | 615.8 | 815.8 | 742.6 | 573.5 |
2-Nonanone | Grassy, fruity, floral [44] | 0.08 | 808.4 | 914.1 | 1317.7 | 1134.8 | 1383.6 | 1367.5 | 1046.8 |
2-Nonen-4-one | Fruity, floral [26] | 0.0009 | 0.0 | 2476.8 | 33047.3 | 1915.2 | 3939.0 | 0 | 1917.5 |
2-Decanone | Sweet, waxy [26] | 0.08 | 56.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2-Undecanone | Orange, grass, fresh [34] | 0.08 | 1102.6 | 737.0 | 923.3 | 860.3 | 855.8 | 1138.8 | 722.0 |
2-Dodecanone | Orange, grass, fresh [44] | 0.08 | 24.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acids | |||||||||
Hexanoic acid | Spicy, rancid, floral [34] | 1.84 | 0 | 56.8 | 0 | 48.6 | 78.8 | 74.0 | 58.8 |
Heptanoic acid | Rancid [44] | 3 | 0 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
Octanoic acid | Chess, sweaty [34] | 1.9 | 0 | 234.2 | 19.6 | 179.9 | 260.1 | 332.0 | 221.5 |
Nonanoic acid | Rancid [44] | 3 | 0 | 7.2 | 0 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 9.0 | 7.2 |
Decanoic acid | Rancid [44] | 3 | 0 | 404.9 | 87.4 | 425.7 | 533.4 | 601.1 | 441.9 |
Undecanoic acid | Rancid [44] | 10 | 0 | 2.7 | 0 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 |
Dodecanoic acid | Rancid [44] | 10 | 1.1 | 78.0 | 34.9 | 84.2 | 92.6 | 99.1 | 78.2 |
Tridecanoic acid | Rancid [44] | 10 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Tetradecanoic acid | Rancid [44] | 10 | 0.1 | 39.9 | 27.6 | 41.1 | 31.6 | 39.0 | 35.4 |
Pentadecanoic acid | Rancid [44] | 10 | 0 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Benzene derivatives | |||||||||
Ethylbenzene | Gasoline [44] | 0.2 | 19.9 | 30.4 | 29.5 | 24.0 | 22.0 | 25.2 | 20.0 |
p-Xylene | Phenolic [44] | 1 | 13.2 | 17.8 | 19.4 | 16.7 | 13.6 | 10.5 | 14.0 |
Styrene | Sweet, balsamic [44] | 0.05 | 254.2 | 302.0 | 188.1 | 182.6 | 160.9 | 129.8 | 209.8 |
Naphthalene | Phenolic [44] | 0.006 | 190.6 | 0 | 161.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1-Methyl-naphthalene | Phenolic [44] | 0.0075 | 465.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other compounds | |||||||||
2-Pentyl-furan | Green, fat [34] | 0.006 | 364.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Limonene | Orange, mint [26] | 0.2 | 18.4 | 0 | 8.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Benzothiazole | Meaty, vegetative [34] | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 7.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Starter Cultures and Model | Abbreviation | Fermentation Temperature (°C) | Concentration of Inoculums (cfu·kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Streptococcus thermophilus s2 | STs2 | 42 | 3 × 108 |
Lactobacillus bulgaricus 8 | LB8 | 42 | 6 × 108 |
Lactobacillus lactis 28 | LL28 | 37 | 3 × 108 |
Lactobacillus bifidus 45 | LB45 | 37 | 3 × 108 |
Lactobacillus casei 475 | LC475 | 37 | 3 × 108 |
Lactobacillus plantarum 531 | LP531 | 37 | 6 × 108 |
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Zhang, L.; Mi, S.; Liu, R.; Sang, Y.; Wang, X. Evaluation of Volatile Compounds in Milks Fermented Using Traditional Starter Cultures and Probiotics Based on Odor Activity Value and Chemometric Techniques. Molecules 2020, 25, 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051129
Zhang L, Mi S, Liu R, Sang Y, Wang X. Evaluation of Volatile Compounds in Milks Fermented Using Traditional Starter Cultures and Probiotics Based on Odor Activity Value and Chemometric Techniques. Molecules. 2020; 25(5):1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051129
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Li, Si Mi, Ruobing Liu, Yaxin Sang, and Xianghong Wang. 2020. "Evaluation of Volatile Compounds in Milks Fermented Using Traditional Starter Cultures and Probiotics Based on Odor Activity Value and Chemometric Techniques" Molecules 25, no. 5: 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051129