High Surface Reactivity and Biocompatibility of Y2O3 NPs in Human MCF-7 Epithelial and HT-1080 Fibro-Blast Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Y2O3 NPs TEM Sizes, Hydrodynamic Sizes and Zeta Potential
2.2. Y2O3 NPs Strongly React with BSA, Media and Non-Protein Serum Components
2.3. Y2O3 NPs Do Not Possess Inherent SOD-Like or CAT-Like Activity
2.4. Y2O3 Nps Did Not Cause Significant Decrease in Cell Viability
2.5. Y2O3 NPs Did Not Induce Oxidative Stress
2.6. Y2O3 NPs Did Not Cause Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Induction
2.7. Y2O3 NPs Did Not Cause Appreciable Change in Autophagy Activity
2.8. Y2O3 NPs Did Not Exhibit Apoptotic-Necrotic Potential
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Yttrium Oxide NPs
4.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy of Y2O3 NPs
4.4. Agglomeration and Zeta-Potential of Y2O3 NPs
4.5. Determination of Surface Reactivity of NPs
4.6. Enzyme-Like Activity of NPs
4.7. Cell Culture
4.8. Viability Studies
4.9. Determination of Lipid Peroxidation
4.10. Measurement of Total Reactive Oxygen Species by DCFH-DA and H2O2 by Specific Sensor
4.11. Ratio-Metric Measurement of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential by JC-1
4.12. Measurement of Lysosomal Activity by LTR
4.13. Apoptotic-Necrotic Potential Detection by Hoechst/PI Staining
4.14. Protein Estimation
4.15. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Sutradhar, K.B.; Amin, M.L. Nanotechnology in Cancer Drug Delivery and Selective Targeting. ISRN Nanotechnol. 2014, 2014, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akhtar, M.J.; Ahamed, M.; Alhadlaq, H.A.; Alrokayan, S.A.; Kumar, S. Targeted anticancer therapy: Overexpressed receptors and nanotechnology. Clin. Chim. Acta 2014, 436, 78–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sotiriou, G.A.; Franco, D.; Poulikakos, D.; Ferrari, A. Optically stable biocompatible flame-made SiO2-coated Y2O3: Tb3+ nanophosphors for cell imaging. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 3888–3897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ansari, A.A.; Khan, A.; Labis, J.P.; Alam, M.; Aslam Manthrammel, M.; Ahamed, M.; Akhtar, M.J.; Aldalbahi, A.; Ghaithan, H. Mesoporous multi-silica layer-coated Y2O3:Eu core-shell nanoparticles: Synthesis, luminescent properties and cytotoxicity evaluation. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2019, 96, 365–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, Y.I.; Kim, H.M.; Kim, J.H.; Moon, K.C.; Yoo, B.; Lee, K.T.; Lee, N.; Choi, Y.; Park, W.; Ling, D.; et al. Theranostic Probe Based on Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles for Simultaneous In Vivo Dual-Modal Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5755–5761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, L.; Starostin, S.A.; Li, S.; Khan, S.A.; Hessel, V. Synthesis of yttrium oxide nanoparticles via a facile microplasma-assisted process. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2018, 178, 157–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiao, M.; Zhang, P.; Meng, J.; Li, Y.; Liu, C.; Luo, X.; Gao, M. Recent advancements in biocompatible inorganic nanoparticles towards biomedical applications. Biomater. Sci. 2018, 6, 726–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giner-Casares, J.J.; Henriksen-Lacey, M.; Coronado-Puchau, M.; Liz-Marzán, L.M. Inorganic nanoparticles for biomedicine: Where materials scientists meet medical research. Mater. Today 2016, 19, 19–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhtar, M.J.; Ahamed, M.; Alhadlaq, H.A.; Khan, M.A.M.; Alrokayan, S.A. Glutathione replenishing potential of CeO2 nanoparticles in human breast and fibrosarcoma cells. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2015, 453, 21–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pirmohamed, T.; Dowding, J.M.; Singh, S.; Wasserman, B.; Heckert, E.; Karakoti, A.S.; King, J.E.S.; Seal, S.; Self, W.T. Nanoceria exhibit redox state-dependent catalase mimetic activity. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 2736–2738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, X.; Shang, P.; Sun, Z.; Lu, M.; You, G.; Yan, S.; Chen, G.; Zhou, H. Therapeutic effect of yttrium oxide nanoparticles for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure. Nanomedicine 2019, 14, 2519–2533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kopp, M.; Kollenda, S.; Epple, M. Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions: Therapeutic Approaches and Supramolecular Chemistry. Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, 50, 1383–1390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Darabi Sahneh, F.; Scoglio, C.; Riviere, J. Dynamics of Nanoparticle-Protein Corona Complex Formation: Analytical Results from Population Balance Equations. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e64690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oviedo, M.J.; Quester, K.; Hirata, G.A.; Vazquez-Duhalt, R. Determination of conjugated protein on nanoparticles by an adaptation of the Coomassie blue dye method. MethodsX 2019, 6, 2134–2140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahamed, M.; Akhtar, M.J.; Khan, M.A.M.; Alaizeri, Z.M.; Alhadlaq, H.A. Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Response of CeO2-RGO Nanocomposites in Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, X.F.; Shen, W.; Gurunathan, S. Silver nanoparticle-mediated cellular responses in various cell lines: An in vitro model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akhtar, M.J.; Alhadlaq, H.A.; Alshamsan, A.; Majeed Khan, M.A.; Ahamed, M. Aluminum doping tunes band gap energy level as well as oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in MCF-7 cells. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ghaznavi, H.; Najafi, R.; Mehrzadi, S.; Hosseini, A.; Tekyemaroof, N.; Shakeri-Zadeh, A.; Rezayat, M.; Sharifi, A.M. Neuro-protective effects of cerium and yttrium oxide nanoparticles on high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in undifferentiated PC12 cells. Neurol. Res. 2015, 37, 624–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khaksar, M.R.; Rahimifard, M.; Baeeri, M.; Maqbool, F.; Navaei-Nigjeh, M.; Hassani, S.; Moeini-Nodeh, S.; Kebriaeezadeh, A.; Abdollahi, M. Protective effects of cerium oxide and yttrium oxide nanoparticles on reduction of oxidative stress induced by sub-acute exposure to diazinon in the rat pancreas. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2017, 41, 79–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitra, R.N.; Merwin, M.J.; Han, Z.; Conley, S.M.; Al-Ubaidi, M.R.; Naash, M.I. Yttrium oxide nanoparticles prevent photoreceptor death in a light-damage model of retinal degeneration. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2014, 75, 140–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sayour, H.; Kassem, S.; Canfarotta, F.; Czulak, J.; Mohamed, M.; Piletsky, S. Biocompatibility and biodistribution of surface-modified yttrium oxide nanoparticles for potential theranostic applications. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Akhtar, M.J.; Ahamed, M.; Alhadlaq, H.A.; Alshamsan, A. Mechanism of ROS scavenging and antioxidant signalling by redox metallic and fullerene nanomaterials: Potential implications in ROS associated degenerative disorders. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 2017, 1861, 802–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heckert, E.G.; Karakoti, A.S.; Seal, S.; Self, W.T. The role of cerium redox state in the SOD mimetic activity of nanoceria. Biomaterials 2008, 29, 2705–2709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kamada, K.; Soh, N. Enzyme-mimetic activity of ce-intercalated titanate nanosheets. J. Phys. Chem. B 2015, 119, 5309–5314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, W.; Zhang, X.; Qian, L.; Yao, N.; Pan, Y.; Zhang, L. Doxorubicin-Loaded Unimolecular Micelle-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles as a Theranostic Nanoplatform for Tumor-Targeted Chemotherapy and Computed Tomography Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2017, 18, 3869–3880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sabuncu, A.C.; Grubbs, J.; Qian, S.; Abdel-Fattah, T.M.; Stacey, M.W.; Beskok, A. Probing nanoparticle interactions in cell culture media. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2012, 95, 96–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bewersdorff, T.; Gruber, A.; Eravci, M.; Dumbani, M.; Klinger, D.; Haase, A. Amphiphilic nanogels: Influence of surface hydrophobicity on protein corona, biocompatibility and cellular uptake. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, Volume 14, 7861–7878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Obst, K.; Yealland, G.; Balzus, B.; Miceli, E.; Dimde, M.; Weise, C.; Eravci, M.; Bodmeier, R.; Haag, R.; Calderón, M.; et al. Protein Corona Formation on Colloidal Polymeric Nanoparticles and Polymeric Nanogels: Impact on Cellular Uptake, Toxicity, Immunogenicity, and Drug Release Properties. Biomacromolecules 2017, 18, 1762–1771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andelman, T.; Gordonov, S.; Busto, G.; Moghe, P.V.; Riman, R.E. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of Y2O3 Nanoparticles of various morphologies. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2010, 5, 263–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lira, A.L.; Ferreira, R.S.; Torquato, R.J.S.; Zhao, H.; Oliva, M.L.V.; Hassan, S.A.; Schuck, P.; Sousa, A.A. Binding kinetics of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles with proteins. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 3235–3244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mariano-Torres, J.A.; López-Marure, A.; García-Hernández, M.; Basurto-Islas, G.; Domínguez-Sánchez, M.Á. Synthesis and characterization of glycerol citrate polymer and yttrium oxide nanoparticles as a potential antibacterial material. Mater. Trans. 2018, 59, 1915–1919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, T.; Tang, M.; Yao, Y.; Ma, Y.; Pu, Y. MWCNT interactions with protein: Surface-induced changes in protein adsorption and the impact of protein corona on cellular uptake and cytotoxicity. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 993–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nierenberg, D.; Khaled, A.R.; Flores, O. Formation of a protein corona influences the biological identity of nanomaterials. Reports Pract. Oncol. Radiother. 2018, 23, 300–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roach, K.A.; Stefaniak, A.B.; Roberts, J.R. Metal nanomaterials: Immune effects and implications of physicochemical properties on sensitization, elicitation, and exacerbation of allergic disease. J. Immunotoxicol. 2019, 16, 87–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Selvaraj, V.; Bodapati, S.; Murray, E.; Rice, K.M.; Winston, N.; Shokuhfar, T.; Zhao, Y.; Blough, E. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity caused by yttrium oxide nanoparticles in HEK293 cells. Int. J. Nanomed. 2014, 9, 1379–1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moriyama, A.; Takahashi, U.; Mizuno, Y.; Takahashi, J.; Horie, M.; Iwahashi, H. The Truth of Toxicity Caused by Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticles to Yeast Cells. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2019, 19, 5418–5425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holmström, K.M.; Finkel, T. Cellular mechanisms and physiological consequences of redox-dependent signalling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2014, 15, 411–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veal, E.; Day, A. Hydrogen peroxide as a signaling molecule. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2011, 15, 147–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halliwell, B.; Clement, M.V.; Long, L.H. Hydrogen peroxide in the human body. FEBS Lett. 2000, 486, 10–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akhtar, M.J.; Ahamed, M.; Alhadlaq, H.; Alrokayan, S. Toxicity Mechanism of Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles and Gadolinium Ions in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Curr. Drug Metab. 2019, 20, 907–917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhtar, M.J.; Ahamed, M.; Alhadlaq, H.A. Challenges facing nanotoxicology and nanomedicine due to cellular diversity. Clin. Chim. Acta 2018, 487, 186–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, X.; Gong, N.; Zhong, L.; Sun, J.; Liang, X.J. Future of nanotherapeutics: Targeting the cellular sub-organelles. Biomaterials 2016, 97, 10–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, J.; Shi, S.S.; Zhang, J.Q.; Zhang, Y.J.; Zhang, L.; Liu, Y.; Jin, P.P.; Wei, P.F.; Shi, R.H.; Zhou, W.; et al. Giant Cellular Vacuoles Induced by Rare Earth Oxide Nanoparticles are Abnormally Enlarged Endo/Lysosomes and Promote mTOR-Dependent TFEB Nucleus Translocation. Small 2016, 12, 5759–5768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, F.; Hableel, G.; Zhao, E.R.; Jokerst, J.V. Multifunctional nanomedicine with silica: Role of silica in nanoparticles for theranostic, imaging, and drug monitoring. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2018, 521, 261–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Z.; Ma, X.; Gao, Y.E.; Hou, M.; Xue, P.; Li, C.M.; Kang, Y. Multifunctional silica nanoparticles as a promising theranostic platform for biomedical applications. Mater. Chem. Front. 2017, 1, 1257–1272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schütz, I.; Lopez-Hernandez, T.; Gao, Q.; Puchkov, D.; JaBerlinbs, S.; Nordmeyer, D.; Schmudde, M.; Rühl, E.; Graf, C.M.; Haucke, V. Lysosomal dysfunction caused by cellular accumulation of silica nanoparticles. J. Biol. Chem. 2016, 291, 14170–14184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, J.; Yu, Y.; Lu, K.; Yang, M.; Li, Y.; Zhou, X.; Sun, Z. Silica nanoparticles induce autophagy dysfunction via lysosomal impairment and inhibition of autophagosome degradation in hepatocytes. Int. J. Nanomed. 2017, 12, 809–825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akhtar, M.J.; Ahamed, M.; Kumar, S.; Majeed Khan, M.A.; Ahmad, J.; Alrokayan, S.A. Zinc oxide nanoparticles selectively induce apoptosis in human cancer cells through reactive oxygen species. Int. J. Nanomed. 2012, 7, 845–857. [Google Scholar]
- Murdock, R.C.; Braydich-Stolle, L.; Schrand, A.M.; Schlager, J.J.; Hussain, S.M. Characterization of nanomaterial dispersion in solution prior to in vitro exposure using dynamic light scattering technique. Toxicol. Sci. 2008, 101, 239–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Patil, S.; Sandberg, A.; Heckert, E.; Self, W.; Seal, S. Protein adsorption and cellular uptake of cerium oxide nanoparticles as a function of zeta potential. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 4600–4607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marklund, S.; Marklund, G. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem. 1974, 47, 469–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aebi, H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984, 105, 121–126. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 1983, 65, 55–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhtar, M.J.; Ahamed, M.; Kumar, S.; Siddiqui, H.; Patil, G.; Ashquin, M.; Ahmad, I. Nanotoxicity of pure silica mediated through oxidant generation rather than glutathione depletion in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicology 2010, 276, 95–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Repetto, G.; del Peso, A.; Zurita, J.L. Neutral red uptake assay for the estimation of cell viability/cytotoxicity. Nat. Protoc. 2008, 3, 1125–1131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Welder, A.A. A primary culture system of adult rat heart cells for the evaluation of cocaine toxicity. Toxicology 1992, 72, 175–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi, N.; Yagi, K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 1979, 95, 351–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Joseph, J.A. Quantifying cellular oxidative stress by dichlorofluorescein assay using microplate reader. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1999, 27, 612–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smiley, S.T.; Reers, M.; Mottola-Hartshorn, C.; Lin, M.; Chen, A.; Smith, T.W.; Steele, G.D.; Chen, L.B. Intracellular heterogeneity in mitochondrial membrane potentials revealed by a J-aggregate-forming lipophilic cation JC-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1991, 88, 3671–3675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thomé, M.P.; Filippi-Chiela, E.C.; Villodre, E.S.; Migliavaca, C.B.; Onzi, G.R.; Felipe, K.B.; Lenz, G. Ratiometric analysis of Acridine Orange staining in the study of acidic organelles and autophagy. J. Cell Sci. 2016, 129, 4622–4632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akhtar, M.J.; Ahamed, M.; Alhadlaq, H.A.; Kumar, S.; Alrokayan, S.A. Mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy stimulation and non-apoptotic cell death caused by nitric oxide-inducing Pt-coated Au nanoparticle in human lung carcinoma cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 2020, 1864, 129452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bampton, E.T.W.; Goemans, C.G.; Niranjan, D.; Mizushima, N.; Tolkovsky, A.M. The dynamics of autophagy visualized in live cells: From autophagosome formation to fusion with endo/lysosomes. Autophagy 2005, 1, 23–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Atale, N.; Gupta, S.; Yadav, U.C.S.; Rani, V. Cell-death assessment by fluorescent and nonfluorescent cytosolic and nuclear staining techniques. J. Microsc. 2014, 255, 7–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azizi, M.; Ghourchian, H.; Yazdian, F.; Bagherifam, S.; Bekhradnia, S.; Nyström, B. Anti-cancerous effect of albumin coated silver nanoparticles on MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cell line. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 5178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradford, M.M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 1976, 72, 248–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample Availability: Not available. |
Y2O3 NPs | |
---|---|
Physico-Chemical Properties | |
TEM size | ≤50 nm |
Color | White |
HR-TEM | Crystallite texture |
TEM shape | Mostly cubic |
EDS | Elemental impurities not detected |
Agglomeration and Zeta Potential in Aqueous Media | |
Water | |
Hydrodynamic size | 1004 ± 134 nm |
Zeta potential | −16.0 ± 4.2 mV |
Hydrodynamic size of BSA-treated NPs | 350 ± 33 nm |
Zeta potential of BSA-treated NPs | −33.0 ± 1.6 mV |
PBS | |
Hydrodynamic size | 3373 ± 249 nm |
Zeta potential | −6.0 ± 2.4mV |
Hydrodynamic size of BSA-treated NPs | 1479 ± 213 nm |
Zeta potential of BSA-treated NPs | −13.0 ± 2.4mV |
Serum free culture media | |
Hydrodynamic size | 1735 ± 305 nm |
Zeta potential | −10.0 ± 4.0 mV |
Hydrodynamic size of BSA-treated NPs | 686 ± 142 nm |
Zeta potential of BSA-treated NPs | −17.0 ± 4.0 mV |
Complete Culture Media | |
Hydrodynamic size | 542 ± 108 nm |
Zeta potential | −27.0 ± 1.2 mV |
Hydrodynamic size of BSA-treated NPs | 491 ± 89 nm |
Zeta potential of BSA-treated NPs | −37.0 ± 1.2 mV |
NPs | Serum Protein Adsorption in Complete Culture Media | Serum Protein Adsorption in Filtered Serum Only | BSA Adsorption to Pristine NPs in Water | BSA Adsorption to NPs Treated with Media Components |
---|---|---|---|---|
Y2O3 | 4.13 ± 0.5% | 4.43 ± 0.5% | 64.0 ± 1.7% | 6.0 ± 1.5% |
CeO2 | 2.3 ± 0.5% | 2.3 ± 0.5% | 28.0 ± 1.8% | 3.0 ± 1.3% |
ZnO | Not detected | Not detected | 9.0 ± 1.6% | Not detected |
NPs | SOD-Like Activity | CAT-Like Activity |
---|---|---|
Y2O3 | not detected | not detected |
CeO2 | detected significantly | detected significantly |
ZnO | not detected | not detected |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Akhtar, M.J.; Ahamed, M.; Alrokayan, S.A.; Ramamoorthy, M.M.; Alaizeri, Z.M. High Surface Reactivity and Biocompatibility of Y2O3 NPs in Human MCF-7 Epithelial and HT-1080 Fibro-Blast Cells. Molecules 2020, 25, 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051137
Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M, Alrokayan SA, Ramamoorthy MM, Alaizeri ZM. High Surface Reactivity and Biocompatibility of Y2O3 NPs in Human MCF-7 Epithelial and HT-1080 Fibro-Blast Cells. Molecules. 2020; 25(5):1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051137
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkhtar, Mohd Javed, Maqusood Ahamed, Salman A. Alrokayan, Muthumareeswaran M. Ramamoorthy, and ZabnAllah M. Alaizeri. 2020. "High Surface Reactivity and Biocompatibility of Y2O3 NPs in Human MCF-7 Epithelial and HT-1080 Fibro-Blast Cells" Molecules 25, no. 5: 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051137