Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Acetogenins from the Soursop Fruit by Response Surface Methodology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) on the Total Acetogenin (TAC) Content from A. Muricata Pulp and By-Products
2.2. Analysis of the Response Surface Methodology
2.3. Assessment of Model Reliability and Comparison of UAE with Maceration Extraction
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
3.3. Total Acetogenin Content (TCA)
3.4. Analysis of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
3.5. Model Reliability and Comparison of UAE with Conventional Extraction
3.6. Extraction of Acetogenins by Maceration
3.7. Effectiveness of UAE in the Acetogenin Extraction
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Standard of annonacin is commercially available. The samples of the total acetogenins are not available from the authors. |
Run | Ultrasonic Conditions | Total Acetogenins (mg/g Dry Weight (DW)) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
XET | XSA | XPC | Peel | Pulp | Seed | Columella | |
1 | 5 | 40 | 0.7 | 0.87 ± 0.02 gC | 0.73 ± 0.02 fgD | 2.84 ± 0.18 hiA | 0.95 ± 0.05 dB |
2 | 15 | 40 | 0.7 | 0.81 ± 0.01 iC | 1.10 ± 0.01 dB | 4.25 ± 0.08 dA | 0.83 ± 0.01 eC |
3 | 5 | 100 | 0.7 | 0.95 ± 0.02 fC | 1.67 ± 0.05 aB | 4.08 ± 0.15 deA | 0.49 ± 0.05 hD |
4 | 15 | 100 | 0.7 | 1.55 ± 0.02 aB | 1.37 ± 0.03 bC | 13.01 ± 0.47 aA | 0.79 ± 0.01 efD |
5 | 5 | 70 | 0.4 | 0.89 ± 0.02 gB | 0.72 ± 0.01 fghC | 9.19 ± 0.77 bA | 0.63 ± 0.06 gD |
6 | 15 | 70 | 0.4 | 1.36 ± 0.01 bB | 1.17 ± 0.01 cC | 3.15 ± 0.11 ghA | 0.84 ± 0.01 eD |
7 | 5 | 70 | 1 | 1.31 ± 0.02 cB | 0.72 ± 0.01 fgC | 3.04 ± 0.10 fghA | 0.65 ± 0.05 gD |
8 | 15 | 70 | 1 | 1.06 ± 0.01 eB | 0.63 ± 0.05 iD | 2.71 ± 0.13 iA | 0.66 ± 0.02 gC |
9 | 10 | 40 | 0.4 | 1.08 ± 0.02 eC | 0.72 ± 0.04 fgD | 4.18 ± 0.05 deA | 1.52 ± 0.01 aB |
10 | 10 | 100 | 0.4 | 1.13 ± 0.01 dB | 0.62 ± 0.01 iD | 2.68 ± 0.14 iA | 0.81 ± 0.05 efC |
11 | 10 | 40 | 1 | 0.90 ± 0.01 gB | 0.75 ± 0.04 fC | 3.98 ± 0.21 deA | 0.76 ± 0.04 fC |
12 | 10 | 100 | 1 | 0.89 ± 0.02 gC | 0.70 ± 0.02 ghD | 3.80 ± 0.20 efA | 1.06 ± 0.04 cB |
13 | 10 | 70 | 0.7 | 0.82 ± 0.02 hC | 0.65 ± 0.05 iD | 4.06 ± 0.12 deA | 1.07 ± 0.02 cB |
14 | 10 | 70 | 0.7 | 0.88 ± 0.01 gC | 0.67 ± 0.01 hiD | 5.89 ± 0.02 cA | 1.14 ± 0.01 bB |
15 | 10 | 70 | 0.7 | 0.67 ± 0.01 hD | 0.84 ± 0.02 eB | 3.39 ± 0.01 fgA | 0.79 ± 0.03 efC |
Product | Polynomial Equation | R2 | Adjusted R2 |
---|---|---|---|
Peel | 5.2189 − 0.0692XSA + 0.0002XSA2 − 10.5455XPC + 6.8201XPC2 − 0.0577XET + 0.0082XET2 + 0.1684XSA × XPC − 0.0722XSA × XPC2 − 0.0005XSA2 × XPC − 0.0014XSA × XET + 0.0000XSA2 × XET − 0.1202XPC × XET | 0.97 | 0.96 |
Pulp | 2.9971 − 0.036XSA − 0.00XSA2 − 5.8434XPC + 6.5128XPC2 − 0.1616XET + 0.0122XET2 + 0.0962XSA × XPC − 0.127XSA × XPC2 + 0.0006XSA2 × XPC + 0.001XSA × XET − 0.00XSA2 × XET − 0.091XPC × XET | 0.98 | 0.97 |
Seeds | −8.7493 + 1.3271XSA − 0.0137XPC2 − 71.5537XPC + 62.9214XPC2 + 1.7041XET + 0.0492XET2 + 0.5769XSA × XPC − 1.0821XSA × XPC2 + 0.0070XSA2 × XPC − 0.1175XSA × XET + 0.0009XSA2 × XET + 0.9514XPC × XET | 0.97 | 0.95 |
Columella | 2.90 − 0.0701XSA + 0.0003XSA2 − 2.3411XPC – 0.7397XPC2 + 0.2056XET − 0.0115XET2 + 0.0627XSA × XPC +0.0080XSA × XPC2 − 0.0003XSA2 × XPC + 0.0010XSA × XET − 0.0000XSA2 × XET − 0.0321XPC × XET | 0.91 | 0.88 |
Parameter | Peel | Pulp | Seed | Columella |
---|---|---|---|---|
Extraction time (min) | 15 | 5 | 15 | 10 |
Pulse cycle (s) | 0.55 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
Sonication amplitude (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 40 |
Optimal response (mg/g DW) | 1.69 | 1.67 | 13.01 | 1.52 |
−95% Confidence limit | 1.63 | 1.60 | 12.28 | 1.42 |
+95% Confidence limit | 1.75 | 1.73 | 13.73 | 1.62 |
Extraction time (min) | 15 | 5 | 15 | 10 |
Parameter/Method | UAE | EM | UAE | EM | UAE | EM | UAE | EM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peel | Pulp | Seed | Columella | |||||
Total acetogenins (mg/g DW) | 1.69 ± 0.02b | 0.26 ± 0.01g | 1.67 ± 0.01b | 0.41 ± 0.01f | 13.01 ± 0.02a | 1.31 ± 0.01d | 1.52 ± 0.01c | 0.56 ± 0.02e |
Effectiveness UAE (%) | 650 | 407 | 993 | 271 |
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Aguilar-Hernández, G.; Vivar-Vera, M.d.l.Á.; García-Magaña, M.d.L.; González-Silva, N.; Pérez-Larios, A.; Montalvo-González, E. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Acetogenins from the Soursop Fruit by Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2020, 25, 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051139
Aguilar-Hernández G, Vivar-Vera MdlÁ, García-Magaña MdL, González-Silva N, Pérez-Larios A, Montalvo-González E. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Acetogenins from the Soursop Fruit by Response Surface Methodology. Molecules. 2020; 25(5):1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051139
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguilar-Hernández, Gabriela, María de los Ángeles Vivar-Vera, María de Lourdes García-Magaña, Napoleón González-Silva, Alejandro Pérez-Larios, and Efigenia Montalvo-González. 2020. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Acetogenins from the Soursop Fruit by Response Surface Methodology" Molecules 25, no. 5: 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051139