Assessment of Hepatoprotective Effect of Chokeberry Juice in Rats Treated Chronically with Carbon Tetrachloride
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Antioxidant Status Parameters
2.2. Clinical Chemistry, Hydroxyproline Concentration, and Gene Expression
2.3. Morphology and Morphometry
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Experimental Design
4.3. Biochemical Assays
4.4. Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) Analysis
4.5. Histological Examination
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds. are not available from the authors. |
Treatment | LPO | Enzymes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOD | CAT | GPx | GR | GST | ||
Controls | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 32.9 ± 4.8 | 4.13 ± 0.33 | 821.0 ± 83.0 | 54.4 ± 6.3 | 903.3 ± 63.9 |
CCl4 | 0.31 ± 0.06 a | 7.2 ± 1.2 a | 2.12 ±0.34 a | 427.7 ± 48.9 a | 46.0 ± 5.3 | 585.8 ± 62.4 a |
(T) | (↑48%) | (↓78%) | (↓49%) | (↓48%) | (↓16%) | (↓35%) |
Chokeberry | 0. 21 ± 0.02 | 29.1 ± 3.1 | 4.83 ± 0.43 a | 882.2 ± 65.3 a | 44.8 ± 7.0 | 755.6 ± 29.4 a |
juice | — | (↓12%) | (↑17%) | — | (↓18%) | (↓16%) |
(A) | ||||||
– | ||||||
CCl4 + | 0.14 ± 0.03 b | 12.3 ± 2.4 b | 1.79 ± 0.27 | 440.5 ± 41.4 | 54.9 ± 3.7 b | 576.7 ± 52.2 |
chokeberry | (↓55%) | (↑71%) | (↓16%) | (↑19%) | (↑19%) | — |
juice | ||||||
(A + T) | ||||||
Silymarin | 0.14 ± 0,02 a | 35.0 ± 6.1 | 4.73 ± 0.25a | 978.2 ± 84.1 a | 51.1 ± 7.4 | 820.2 ± 57.3 |
(S) | (↓33%) | — | (↑15%) | (↑19%) | — | — |
CCl4 + | 0.16 ± 0.03 b | 19.7 ± 4.7 b | 2.27 ± 0.21 | 535.6 ± 46.0 b | 54.7 ± 3.1 b | 472.4 ± 60.3 b |
silymarin | (↓48%) | (↑174%) | — | (↑25%) | (↑19%) | (↓19%) |
(S+T) |
Treatment | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Controls | CCl4 | Chokeberry | CCl4 + | Silymarin | CCl4 + |
Juice | Chokeberry | Silymarin | ||||
(T) | (A) | Juice | (S) | (S + T) | ||
(A + T) | ||||||
ALT | 60.1 ± 10.2 | 886 ± 95.7 a | 56.3 ± 9.4 | 838 ± 104 | 49.4 ± 4.5 | 881 ± 89.0 |
(IU/L) | (↑1374%) | |||||
AST | 78.7 ± 12.3 | 3401 ± 319a | 86.6 ± 4.0 | 1722 ± 194 b | 76.2 ± 15.7 | 1378 ± 216 b |
(IU/L) | (↑3766%) | (↓49%) | (↓55%) | |||
ALP | 190.9 ± 22.7 | 844 ± 84.1 a | 209.0 ± 35.7 | 772 ± 54.6 | 222 ± 16.2 | 820 ± 72.2 |
(IU/L) | (↑342%) | |||||
LDH | 183.0 ± 20.0 | 804 ± 96.3 a | 161.7 ± 24.4 | 364 ± 31.5 b | 154 ± 28.0 | 624 ± 55.9 b |
(IU/L) | (↑339%) | (↓55%) | (↓22%) | |||
GGT | 10.1 ± 1.0 | 36.9 ± 6.5 a | 8.2 ± 1.2 | 30.2 ± 2.0 b | 8.7 ± 1.0 | 20.3 ± 2.4 b |
(IU/L) | (↑364%) | (↓18%) | (↓45%) | |||
SDH | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 415 ± 67.5 a | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 234 ± 36.2 b | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 358 ± 38.3 |
(IU/L) | (↑5136%) | (↓44%) | ||||
Bilirubin | 0.32 ± 0.1 | 2.17 ± 0,2 a | 0.38 ± 0.1 | 1.48 ± 0.19 b | 0.29 ± 0.1 | 1.51 ± 0.2 b |
(mg/dL) | (↑584%) | (↓32%) | (↓30%) | |||
Cholesterol | 92.7 ± 4.3 | 123 ± 7.3 a | 83.6 ± 5.0 a | 112 ± 4.3 b | 83.8 ± 4.5 a | 109 ± 7.3 b |
(mg/dL) | (↑33%) | (↓10%) | (↓9%) | (↓10%) | (↓11%) |
Parameters | Treatment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Controls | CCl4 | Chokeberry | CCl4 + | Silymarin | CCl4 + | |
Juice | Chokeberry | Silymarin | ||||
(T) | (A) | Juice | (S) | (S + T) | ||
(A + T) | ||||||
Fibrosis | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 a,b |
Infiltration | - | 4.6 ± 2.2 | - | 14.3 ± 6.6 c | - | 6.2 ± 2.2 |
Vacuolization | - | 208 ± 23 | - | 65 ± 14 d | - | 179 ± 39 |
Compounds | |
---|---|
Polymeric procyanidins | 224.90 |
Neochlorogenic acid | 46.40 |
Chlorogenic acid | 35.40 |
Quercetin 3-rutinoside | 1.85 |
Cyanidin 3-galactoside | 1.62 |
Quercetin 3-galactoside | 1.42 |
Quercetin 3-glucoside | 1.10 |
Quercetin 3-vicianoside | 1.10 |
Quercetin 3-robinobioside | 1.05 |
Cyanidin 3-arabinoside | 0.66 |
Cyanidin 3-glucoside | 0.16 |
Cyanidin 3-xyloside | 0.20 |
Total | 315.90 |
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Piotrowska-Kempisty, H.; Nowicki, M.; Jodynis-Liebert, J.; Kurpik, M.; Ewertowska, M.; Adamska, T.; Oszmiański, J.; Kujawska, M. Assessment of Hepatoprotective Effect of Chokeberry Juice in Rats Treated Chronically with Carbon Tetrachloride. Molecules 2020, 25, 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061268
Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Nowicki M, Jodynis-Liebert J, Kurpik M, Ewertowska M, Adamska T, Oszmiański J, Kujawska M. Assessment of Hepatoprotective Effect of Chokeberry Juice in Rats Treated Chronically with Carbon Tetrachloride. Molecules. 2020; 25(6):1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061268
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotrowska-Kempisty, Hanna, Michał Nowicki, Jadwiga Jodynis-Liebert, Monika Kurpik, Małgorzata Ewertowska, Teresa Adamska, Jan Oszmiański, and Małgorzata Kujawska. 2020. "Assessment of Hepatoprotective Effect of Chokeberry Juice in Rats Treated Chronically with Carbon Tetrachloride" Molecules 25, no. 6: 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061268