Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Anti-MMPs, and Anti-Hyaluronidase Activities of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Leaf Extracts for Skin Aging and Skin Damage Prevention
Abstract
:Graphical Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials
2.2. Chemical Materials
2.3. Plant Extraction
2.3.1. Continuous Solvent Extraction by Soxhlet’s Apparatus
2.3.2. Reflux Extraction
2.4. Rosmarinic Acid Content Determination by HPLC
2.5. Determination of Total Phenolics Content
2.6. Determination of Total Flavonoids Content
2.7. Determination of Antioxidant Activity
2.7.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
2.7.2. Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation Assay Using Linoleic Acid Thiocyanate Method
2.8. Determination of Aged-Related Enzymes’ Inhibition
2.8.1. Determination of MMP-1 Inhibition by Enzymatic and Fluorescent Reactions
2.8.2. Determination of MMP-2 and MMP-9 Inhibition by Gel Electrophoresis
Albino Swiss Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts 3T3 Cell Culture
MMP-2 and -9 Determination by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
2.8.3. Determination of Hyaluronidase Inhibition by Gel Electrophoresis
2.9. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) Cell Viability Assay
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. T. laurifolia Leaf Extracts
3.2. Rosmarinic Acid Content of T. laurifolia Extracts
3.3. Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids Contents of T. laurifolia Leaf Extracts
3.4. Antioxidant Activity of T. laurifolia Leaf Extracts
3.5. MMP1 Inhibition of T. laurifolia Leaf Extracts
3.6. Hyaluronidase Inhibition of T. laurifolia Leaf Extracts
3.7. Effect of T. laurifolia Leaf Extracts on Cell Viability of Human Fibroblast BJ Cell Line
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. leaf extracts are available from the authors. |
Sample | Total Phenolic Content (mg of Gallic Acid/g of Extract) | Total Flavonoids Content (mg of Quercetin/g of Extract) |
---|---|---|
SE 1 | 174 ± 2 | 417 ± 25 *** |
RE 2 | 181 ± 1 ** | 270 ± 10 |
Sample | Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration (IC50: μg/cm3) | |
---|---|---|
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH Inhibition) | Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition | |
Ascorbic acid | 4.4 ± 0.3 b | N.D. |
α-Tocopherol | N.D. | 4.3 ± 0.3 c |
Trolox | 6.8 ± 0.6 c | 0.2 ± 0.0 a |
Gallic acid | 1.8 ± 0.0 a | 1.2 ± 0.1 b |
Quercetin | 2.7 ± 0.5 a,b | 0.1 ± 0.0 a |
SE | 217 ± 8 e | 8 ± 1 d |
RE | 89 ± 1 d | 12.9 ± 0.1 e |
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Chaiyana, W.; Chansakaow, S.; Intasai, N.; Kiattisin, K.; Lee, K.-H.; Lin, W.-C.; Lue, S.-C.; Leelapornpisid, P. Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Anti-MMPs, and Anti-Hyaluronidase Activities of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Leaf Extracts for Skin Aging and Skin Damage Prevention. Molecules 2020, 25, 1923. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081923
Chaiyana W, Chansakaow S, Intasai N, Kiattisin K, Lee K-H, Lin W-C, Lue S-C, Leelapornpisid P. Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Anti-MMPs, and Anti-Hyaluronidase Activities of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Leaf Extracts for Skin Aging and Skin Damage Prevention. Molecules. 2020; 25(8):1923. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081923
Chicago/Turabian StyleChaiyana, Wantida, Sunee Chansakaow, Nutjeera Intasai, Kanokwan Kiattisin, Kuan-Han Lee, Wei-Chao Lin, Shang-Chian Lue, and Pimporn Leelapornpisid. 2020. "Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Anti-MMPs, and Anti-Hyaluronidase Activities of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Leaf Extracts for Skin Aging and Skin Damage Prevention" Molecules 25, no. 8: 1923. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081923