Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Extraction of PAHs from Environmental Matrices
2.1. Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction of PAHs from Environmental Matrices.
2.2. Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of PAHs from Environmental Matrices.
2.2.1. Metal-Organic Framework Magnetic Nanocomposites for the MSPE of PAHs
2.2.2. Carbon-Based Magnetic Sorbents for the MSPE of PAHs
2.2.3. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Magnetic Nanocomposites for the MSPE of PAHs
2.2.4. Polymer-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for the MSPE of PAHs
2.2.5. Ionic liquids Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for the MSPE of PAHs
2.2.6. Other Magnetic Nanocomposites for the MSPE of PAHs
2.3. Solid-Phase Microextraction of PAHs from Environmental Matrices.
2.4. Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) and Stir Rod Sorptive Extraction (SRSE) of PAHs from Environmental Matrices.
2.5. Liquid-Phase Microextraction of PAHs from Environmental Matrices.
2.6. Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction of PAHs from Environmental Matrices.
2.7. Other Extraction Techniques for the Determination of PAHs in Environmental Matrices.
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sorbent | Matrix | Analytical Technique | Sorbent Mass (mg) | Time (min) | LODs (ng L−1) | Extraction Recovery (%) | Reusability | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HKUST-1 | Water | UHPLC-FLD | 5 Fe3O4/20 HKUST-1 | 10 | 0.8–12 | 39–59 | NA | [59] |
MIL-101(Cr) | Water | HPLC-PDA | 1 Fe3O4@SiO2/0.6 MIL-101 | 20 | 2.8–27.2 | NA | NA | [60] |
Fe@MIL-101(Cr) | Water | HPLC-DAD | 50 | 50 | 44–64 | >80 | At least 10 times | [61] |
MIL-100(Fe) | Water | HPLC-FLD | 10 | 10 | 32–2110 | >80 | NA | [62] |
MIL-100(Fe) | Water | GC-FID | 12.5 | 15 | 4.6–8.9 | 73–96 | Up to 10 times | [63] |
Fe3O4@ polydopamine/ZIF-7 | Water, particulate matter | GC-MS | 3 Fe3O4@PDA 15 ZIF-7 | 40 | 0.71–5.79 | >82 | At least 10 times | [64] |
TpPa-1 COF | Water | HPLC-FLD | 5 | 21 | 0.24–1.01 | 73–110 | NA | [65] |
COF-LZU1@PEI@Fe3O4 | Water, soil | HPLC-FLD | 5 | 33 | 0.2–20 | NA | At least 6 times | [66] |
G/CNF | Water | GC-FID | 20 | 10 | 4–30 | 63.0–84.5 | Up to 6 times | [67] |
Fe3O4/C | Water | HPLC-FLD | 50 | 30 | 0.2–0.6 | 76–110 | At least 10 times | [68] |
Hydrophilic Fe3O4/C | Water | GC-MS | 10 | 30 | 15–335 | NA | NA | [5] |
CNF | Water | GC-FID | 10 | 12 | 8–30 | NA | At least 10 times | [7] |
G/Fe3O4@PT | Water | GC-FID | 20 | 10 | 9–20 | 83–107 | At least 17 times | [69] |
GO | Water | HPLC-UV | 40 | 16 | 90–190 | 76.8–103.2 | NA | [6] |
GO-Fe3O4@PS | Water | GC-FID | 15 | 10 | 3–10 | 69.5–88.7 | NA | [70] |
Poly(Py-co-Ani)@GO-Fe3O4 | Water | GC-FID | 35 | 3–10 | 50.4‒78.3 | At least 20 times | [71] | |
CNTs | Water | UHPLC-FLD | 5 | 10 | 25–73 | 76.4–106.5 | Up to 3 times | [72] |
mag-MIP | Water | HPLC-PDA | 20 | 55 | 1.3–969 | 46–100 | At least 3 times | [73] |
mag-MIP | Water | GC-MS | 5–20 | 17 | 30–750 | >76 | NA | [74] |
RAFT-MIP | Water | GC-MS | 10 | 9 | 1–100 | 4.5–97 | NA | [8] |
PDA | Water | HPLC-FLD | 20 | 5 | 0.5–1.9 | 76.4–107 | NA | [75] |
PPy | Water | GC-MS | 20 | 3 | 0.38–5.01 | 27.4- 115.7 | NA | [76] |
PANI/Alginate | Water | HPLC-FLD | 400 | 20 | 10 | 86.0–97.8 | Up to 6 times | [77] |
PoT | Water | GC-FID | 60 | 15 | 0.3–5.5 | NA | Up to 15 times | [58] |
IL-MNPs | Water | GC-MS | 30 | 8 | 40–1111 | 75–102 | Up to 10 times | [78] |
MNP@CN/IL | Leachate, sludge | HPLC-DAD | 30 | 35 | 400–590 | 89.50–110.2 | NA | [79] |
MNP-PANI-DICAT | Water, sludge, soil | GC-MS | 15 | 40 | 0.8–208.6 | 80.2–111.9 | Up to 5 times | [80] |
Fe3O4@IL@MO | Water | HPLC-FLD | 18 | 26 | 0.1–2 | NA | NA | [81] |
Fe3O4@SiO2@Nap | Water | HPLC-FLD | 40 | 12 | 0.04–0.12 | >90 | At least 10 times | [1] |
PC | Water, milk | HPLC-FLD | 100 | 10 | 0.2–0.6 | >90 | NA | [82] |
Fe3O4-DVB-SO3- | Water | GC-MS | 50 | 10 | 0.6–2.1 | 79.9–115.3 | NA | [83] |
MPNP | Water | UHPLC-DAD | 200 | 15 | 10.83–18.53 nM | 75.7–106.4 | At least 5 times | [3] |
Fe3O4/SiO2/TPA | Water | HPLC-FLD | 50 | 15 | 0.04–37.5 | NA | NA | [84] |
C18 | Water | GC-MS | 50 | 6 | 0.8–36 × 103 | 35–99 | NA | [85] |
C10–C18 carboxylates | Water | HPLC-FLD | 200 | 18 | 0.1–0.25 | >90 | Up to 5 times | [86] |
n-octadecylphosphonic acid | Water | GC-MS | 50 | 1 | 14.1–70.0 × 103 | 61.9–119.1 | NA | [87] |
Nylon 6 | Water | HPLC-PDA | 40 | 30 | 0.05–0.58 × 103 | 36.2–87.0 | NA | [88] |
CTAB | Water | UHPLC-FLD | 100 Fe3O4/50 CTAB | 30 | 0.4–10.3 | 59.23–87.95 | NA | [89] |
Palm fatty acid | Leachate, sludge | HPLC-DAD | 15 | 25 | 10–50 | >81.1 | Up to 5 times | [90] |
TBCD | Water | HPLC-FLD | 80 | 15 | 0.03–1.2 | >80 | NA | [91] |
TCT | Water, urine | HPLC-FLD | 40 | 13 | 0.09–0.15 | 89–93 | At least 30 times | [92] |
C16-HO | Water | HPLC-UV | 30 | 24 | 0.14–0.31 | 88–95 | Up to 4 times | [93] |
Matrix | Analytical Technique | Extraction Solvent | Disperser Solvent | Phase Separation | LODs(ng·L−1) | EF | Extraction Recovery (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface water | GC-MS | Tetrachloroethylene | Acetone | Centrifugation | 7–30 | 603–1113 | - | [156] |
Rainwater | GC-MS | n-Hexane | Acetone | Addition of demulsification solvent | 3.7–39.1 | NA | - | [157] |
River water | GC-FID | Toluene | Methanol | Air flotation | 14–41 × 103 | NA | - | [158] |
Sea water | GC-MS | Tetrachloroethylene | Diethyl Ether | Centrifugation | 1–10 | 722–8133 | 59.2–90.5 | [159] |
Sediment | HPLC-FLD | Dichloromethane | Acetonitrile | Centrifugation | 2.3–6.8 ng g−1 | NA | >94.0 | [160] |
Tap, sea and spring water | GC-FID | Toluene | - | Centrifugation | 20–50 | 1776–2714 | 99–103 | [161] |
Tap, well, surface water etc. | GC-MS | Chloroform | - | Centrifugation | 1–36 | NA | - | [162] |
Tap, spring, surface water etc. | GC-MS | Iso-octane | - | Addition of NaCl | 0.001–0.009 | Up to 100000 | - | [163] |
Tap, rain and wastewater | HPLC-FLD | Cyclohexane | - | Centrifugation | 0.6–62.5 | 90–247 | 95–100 | [164] |
Well, river, lake water etc. | HPLC-FLD | TBAB/2-decanoic acid DES | - | Centrifugation/Solidification | 0.7–6.6 | 163–198 | >80.0 | [167] |
Tap, bottle, fountain water etc. | HPLC-FLD | [C8 MiM][PF6 ] | Acetone | Centrifugation | 0.03–2 | 301–346 | - | [169] |
Tap, well, surface water etc. | HPLC-UV | [BBIM][Tf2N] | Acetone | Centrifugation | 2 | 2768–5409 | - | [170] |
Tap, rain and surface water | HPLC-FLD | Trichloroethylene | Acetonitrile | - | 20–600 | 86–95 | - | [172] |
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Manousi, N.; Zachariadis, G.A. Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples. Molecules 2020, 25, 2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092182
Manousi N, Zachariadis GA. Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples. Molecules. 2020; 25(9):2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092182
Chicago/Turabian StyleManousi, Natalia, and George A. Zachariadis. 2020. "Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples" Molecules 25, no. 9: 2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092182