Removal of Chromium(III) and Cadmium(II) Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Treated Date Seeds: An Eco-Friendly Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Instrumentation
2.3. Preparation of Standard Solution
2.4. Preparation of Biosorbent
2.5. H2O2 Treatment of Date Powders
2.6. Adsorption and Desorption Studies
2.7. Thermodynamic Studies of Metal Ions Adsorptions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization
3.1.1. Analysis of Adsorbent’s Surface and Pore Size
3.1.2. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis (FTIR)
3.2. Adsorption Properties
3.2.1. Effect of pH
3.2.2. Effect of Initial Concentration and Temperature
3.2.3. Effects of Contact Time
3.2.4. Adsorption Modeling
Equilibrium Isotherm
3.3. Adsorption Kinetics
3.4. Adsorption Thermodynamics
3.5. Elution and Regeneration Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Element | (keV) | Mass% | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDP | Error | SDP | Error | TMDP | Error | TSDP | Error | ||
C··K | 0.277 | 40.11 | 0.10 | 40.10 | 0.11 | 37.22 | 0.10 | 37.80 | 0.11 |
N··K | 0.392 | 26.64 | 0.28 | 27.60 | 0.25 | 21.4 | 0.09 | 22.30 | 0.06 |
O··K | 0.525 | 33.26 | 0.08 | 32.30 | 0.07 | 41.38 | 0.06 | 39.90 | 0.09 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Isotherm | Temperature, K | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
293 | 303 | 313 | 323 | |||||
Cr(III) | Cd(II) | Cr(III) | Cd(II) | Cr(III) | Cd(II) | Cr(III) | Cd(II) | |
TMDP | ||||||||
Langmuir | ||||||||
qm (mg/g) | 400 | 352 | 666.67 | 602 | 1000 | 908 | 1428.5 | 1302 |
KL (L/mg) | 0.03592 | 0.02920 | 0.03727 | 0.03870 | 0.05744 | 0.04344 | 0.07599 | 0.05494 |
R2 | 0.9929 | 0.9881 | 0.9952 | 0.9897 | 0.9963 | 0.9901 | 0.9981 | 0.9932 |
Freundlich | ||||||||
KF (mg/g) | 18.5642 | 12.5642 | 28.5642 | 19.258 | 46.5142 | 36.2548 | 68.56142 | 56.258 |
(L/mg)1/n | ||||||||
n | 1.3821 | 1.0821 | 1.6821 | 1.3021 | 1.8211 | 1.5821 | 1.9821 | 1.7821 |
R2 | 0.9763 | 0.9485 | 0.9805 | 0.9622 | 0.9884 | 0.9715 | 0.9887 | 0.9810 |
TSDP | ||||||||
Langmuir | ||||||||
qm (mg/g) | 388 | 332 | 606.67 | 552 | 910 | 808 | 1228.5 | 1182 |
KL (L/mg) | 0.03222 | 0.02520 | 0.03327 | 0.03071 | 0.05044 | 0.04004 | 0.07219 | 0.0509 |
R2 | 0.9909 | 0.9289 | 0.9921 | 0.9611 | 0.9938 | 0.9822 | 0.9941 | 0.9938 |
Freundlich | ||||||||
KF (mg/g) | 14.2125 | 8.2314 | 22.0213 | 15.1254 | 37.8541 | 28. 8254 | 56.2242 | 42.1258 |
(L/mg)1/n | ||||||||
n | 1.0132 | 1.0021 | 1.2168 | 1.1021 | 1.6211 | 1.3021 | 1.7621 | 1.2154 |
R2 | 0.9521 | 0.8257 | 0.9644 | 0.8666 | 0.9788 | 0.8801 | 0.9801 | 0.9002 |
Kinetics Model | MDP | TMDP | SDP | TSDP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr(III) | Cd(II) | Cr(III) | Cd(II) | Cr(III) | Cd(II) | Cr(III) | Cd(II) | |
qe,exp (mg/g) | 159 | 108 | 191 | 121 | 140 | 109 | 190 | 120 |
Pseudo-first-order | ||||||||
qe1,cal (mg/g) | 132 | 85 | 151 | 101 | 109 | 79 | 148 | 101 |
K1(1/min) | 0.0064 | 0.0059 | 0.0062 | 0.0061 | 0.0060 | 0.0058 | 0.0068 | 0.0063 |
R2 | 0.9787 | 0.9688 | 0.9822 | 0.9588 | 0.9666 | 0.9589 | 0.9787 | 0.9689 |
Pseudo-second-order | ||||||||
qe2,cal (mg/g) | 162 | 110 | 194 | 123 | 144 | 111 | 195 | 122 |
k2 (g/mg.min) | 0.0004 | 0.0009 | 0.0002 | 0.0006 | 0.0006 | 0.0005 | 0.0008 | 0.0007 |
R2 | 0.9907 | 0.9818 | 0.9877 | 0.9900 | 0.9811 | 0.9901 | 0.9878 | 0.9719 |
Adsorbents ↓ | ΔH° (kJ/mol) | ΔS° (J/mol-K) | ΔG° (kJ/mol) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature → | 293 K | 303 K | 313 K | 323 K | ||
MDP | 6154 | 20.77 | −113.79 | −430.13 | −644.08 | −802.54 |
TMDP | 8511 | 29.77 | −153.79 | −539.13 | −877.08 | −912.54 |
SDP | 4254 | 15.22 | −103.79 | −295.13 | −523.08 | −912.54 |
TSDP | 7588 | 27.66 | −143.79 | −509.13 | −697.08 | −832.54 |
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Azam, M.; Wabaidur, S.M.; Khan, M.R.; Al-Resayes, S.I.; Islam, M.S. Removal of Chromium(III) and Cadmium(II) Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Treated Date Seeds: An Eco-Friendly Method. Molecules 2021, 26, 3718. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123718
Azam M, Wabaidur SM, Khan MR, Al-Resayes SI, Islam MS. Removal of Chromium(III) and Cadmium(II) Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Treated Date Seeds: An Eco-Friendly Method. Molecules. 2021; 26(12):3718. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123718
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzam, Mohammad, Saikh Mohammad Wabaidur, Mohammad Rizwan Khan, Saud I. Al-Resayes, and Mohammad Shahidul Islam. 2021. "Removal of Chromium(III) and Cadmium(II) Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Treated Date Seeds: An Eco-Friendly Method" Molecules 26, no. 12: 3718. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123718