Ruthenium Complexes as Promising Candidates against Lung Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ru(III) Complexes
2.1. Apoptosis
2.2. Anti-Metastasis
3. Ru(II) Complexes
3.1. Apoptosis
3.2. Autophagy
3.3. Necroptosis
3.4. Anti-Metastasis
3.5. Cell Cycle Arrest
4. Conclusions/Discussions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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No. | IC50 (μ/M) | Cell Lines | Biology and Mechanism | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ru1 | 10–12.5 ± 0.5 | H1299 | Cytotoxicity | [48] |
Ru2 | 15–20 ± 0.5 | H1299 | ||
Ru3 | 30 ± 5 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Pro-apoptosis (3) Caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis | [49] |
Ru4 | 5 ± 2.6 | A549 | ||
Ru5 | 18 ± 0.67 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Pro-apoptosis (3) Enhanced the LDH, NO, and ROS release | [50] |
Ru6 | 24 ± 1.0 | A549 | ||
Ru7 | 22 ± 1.17 | A549 | ||
Ru8 | 24 ± 0.93 | A549 | ||
Ru9/G26b Ru10/G94a | >200 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Anti-metastasis (3) Suppressed MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF | [51] |
Ru11/AH197 | 5.0 | HOP-62 | Anti-metastasis and inhibited cell motility | [51] |
Ru12 | 0–20 0–20 | A549 A427 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Pro-apoptosis (3) G0/G1 phase arrest (4) DNA damage, caspase-dependent apoptosis involving PARP activation and induction of p53-dependent pathway | [51] |
Ru13 | - | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation | [51] |
Ru14 | 30.9 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) G0/G1 phase arrest (3) induced late apoptosis | [51] |
Ru15–18 | - | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation | [51] |
Ru19 | 1.39 ± 0.15 3.39 ± 0.47 | A549 A549cisR | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Induced apoptosis (3) Anti-migration and anti-invasion | [51] |
Ru20 | 1.41 ± 0.23 5.70 ± 0.33 | A549 A549cisR | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Induced apoptosis | [51] |
Ru21 | 17.34 ± 0.42 51.59 ± 2.57 | A549 HBE | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Pro-apoptosis (3) Generated a peak of apoptosis in sub-G1 phase, via both mitochondrial and death receptor apoptotic pathways | [51] |
Ru22 | 21.97 ± 2.31 | A549 | Anti-proliferation | [51] |
Ru23 | 444.38 ± 3.19 | A549 | ||
Ru24 | 37.62 ± 2.83 | A549 | ||
Ru25 | >240 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Apoptosis induction (3) S-phase arrest, G2/M phase arrest (4) Anti-metastasis (5) Inhibited MMP2 and MMP9 enzyme activities, intrinsic mitochondrial pathway-triggered apoptosis | [52] |
Ru26 | 158 ± 15 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Anti-metastasis (3) Inhibited MMP2 and MMP9 enzyme activities | [53] |
Ru27 | 14.1 ± 0.3 | A549 | ||
Ru28 | 10.7 ± 0.7 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Anti-metastasis (3) G0/G1 phase arrest (4) Pro-apoptosis (5) Inhibited MMP2 and MMP9 enzyme activities, caspase-independent apoptosis | [52] |
Ru29 | >240 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Anti-metastasis (3) Inhibited MMP2 and MMP9 enzyme activities | [53] |
Ru30 | 3.8 (2.3–6.2) 40.3 (22.6–71.7) | A549 BEAS-2B | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) G2/M phase arrest (3) The changes in morphology and organization patterns of the actin cytoskeleton, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential changes and DNA damage result from increased ROS | [54] |
Ru31 | 11.3 ± 1.1 54.3 ± 3.4 | A549 BEAS-2B | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Induced apoptosis (3) Through Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway, and ROS accumulation, DNA damage | [55] |
Ru32 | 30.1 ± 1.2 48.1 ± 3.7 | A549 BEAS-2B | ||
Ru33 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Induced apoptosis (3) G0/G1 phase arrest (4) Through an intrinsic ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway | [56] |
Ru34 | 12.94 ± 0.43 (Dark) 13.84 ± 3.57 (Light) | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation | [57] |
Ru35 | 17.42 ± 2.39 (Dark) 2.90 ± 0.83 (Light) | A549 | ||
Ru36 | 6.03 ± 0.89 (Dark) 1.25 ± 0.17 (Light) | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Phototoxicity (3) Induced apoptosis (4) ROS production and increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio and PERK levels | [57] |
Ru37 | 89.30 ± 3.95 (Dark) 21.89 ± 4.53 (Light) | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation | [57] |
Ru38 | 18.3 ± 2.7 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Induced apoptosis (3) G0/G1 phase arrest (4) Via the mitochondrial pathway, ROS accumulation, the mitochondrial dysfunction and Bcl-2 and caspase correlative family member activation | [58] |
Ru39 | 21.24 ± 1.24 23.10 ± 3.2 176.47 ± 13.4 | A549 NCI-H460 HBE | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Apoptosis and autophagy induction (3) Mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS generation, caspase 3-dependent apoptosis, ERK mediated-autophagy | [59] |
Ru46 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | A549 | (1) topo I and II inhibitors (2) induced necroptosis, via ROS burst, plasma membrane permeabilization, and cytosolic ATP reduction (3) induced DNA damage, activated PARP1, RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL | [60] |
Ru47 | Normoxia 17.5 ± 5.7 (24 h) 3.4 ± 0.5 (48 h) Hypoxia 10.9 ± 2.8 (24 h) 4.9 ± 1.6 (48 h) | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Anti-metastasis, Anti-invasion (3) Pro-apoptosis (4) S-phase arrest (5) Decreased the number of adherent cells to different surfaces (fibronectin, collagen, plastic) and the expression of several MMPs and protein-lysine 6-oxidase, increased the expression of the extracellular matrix inhibitor | [61] |
Ru48/Ru-hq1 | 50.9 ± 5.3 (2D) 103.9 ± 10.8 (3D) | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Anti-migration, anti-invasion (3) Pro-apoptosis (4) G2/M phase arrest | [62] |
Ru49/Ru-hq2 | 24.9 ± 6.5 (2D) 213.6.9 ± 8.6 (2D) | A549 | ||
Ru50/PIPE | 17.99 ± 0.39 (24 h) 4.11 ± 0.27 (48 h) | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) Induced apoptosis (3) G1/S phase arrest (4) Reduced cyclin D1 expression and ERK phosphorylation levels, and induced apoptosis by intrinsic pathway | [63] |
Ru51 | 10.0 ± 1.0 | A549 | (1) Anti-proliferation (2) S-phase arrest | [64] |
Ru52 | 7.0 ± 0.5 | A549 | ||
Ru53 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | A549 |
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Sun, Q.; Li, Y.; Shi, H.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Q. Ruthenium Complexes as Promising Candidates against Lung Cancer. Molecules 2021, 26, 4389. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154389
Sun Q, Li Y, Shi H, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Q. Ruthenium Complexes as Promising Candidates against Lung Cancer. Molecules. 2021; 26(15):4389. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154389
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Qi, Yingsi Li, Hongdong Shi, Yi Wang, Jitian Zhang, and Qianling Zhang. 2021. "Ruthenium Complexes as Promising Candidates against Lung Cancer" Molecules 26, no. 15: 4389. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154389
APA StyleSun, Q., Li, Y., Shi, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhang, Q. (2021). Ruthenium Complexes as Promising Candidates against Lung Cancer. Molecules, 26(15), 4389. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154389