A Review of Characteristics of Bio-Oils and Their Utilization as Additives of Asphalts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review Methodology
3. Characteristics of Bio-Oils
3.1. Physical Characteristics
3.2. Chemical Characteristics
3.2.1. Elemental Composition
3.2.2. Functional Groups
3.2.3. Chemical Compounds
4. Properties Assessment of Bio-Oil Modified Asphalt Binders
4.1. Conventional Properties
4.1.1. Penetration
4.1.2. Softening Point
4.1.3. Ductility
4.1.4. Penetration Index
4.2. Rheological Properties
4.2.1. Viscosity and Workability
4.2.2. Rutting, Fatigue, and Thermal Cracking Resistance
4.2.3. Anti-Ageing Property
4.3. Chemical Properties
4.3.1. Chemical Fractions
4.3.2. Functional Groups
4.3.3. Molecular Weight Distribution
5. Performance Assessment of Bio-Oil Modified Asphalt Mixtures
6. Performance Optimization of Bio-Oil Modified Asphalt Binders/Mixtures
7. Conclusions
- (1)
- Bio-oils are derived from a wide range of biomass sources, and they are source-depending materials for which its properties vary with different sources. Bio-oils are extremely complex materials that contain various compounds. Compared to petroleum asphalts, bio-oils have significantly higher oxygen (O) element and oxygen-containing functional groups. That is an important reason why bio-oils are prone to ageing.
- (2)
- Modification with bio-oils contributes to the improvement of workability, fatigue resistance, and low-temperature performance of asphalt. However, the high-temperature properties of asphalts weaken with the added bio-oils. After modification with bio-oils, some large molecules transform into small molecules in asphalts. Bio-asphalts are more sensitive to ageing, which causes a shift from light components to asphaltenes. In particular, swine manure-based bio-asphalts exhibit better anti-ageing property than planted-based bio-asphalts.
- (3)
- The influences of bio-oils on the performance of asphalt mixtures differ with various biomass sources, especially in intermediate temperature performance and moisture susceptibility. Most bio-oils have a negative influence on the high-temperature performance of mixtures but exhibit favorable influence on their low-temperature performance.
- (4)
- In order to improve the performance of bio-oil modified asphalts, most research has been limited to using additive agents together with bio-oils in order to modify petroleum asphalt, such as SBS and nanomaterials.
8. Recommendations for Future Work
- (1)
- Since bio-oils are source-depending materials, their properties have great variability. It is necessary to propose reasonable evaluation indicators to roughly classify various bio-oils.
- (2)
- A large number of studies have focused on the properties assessment of bio-asphalts, and few studies have been performed on their modification mechanism. Knowing the interaction mechanism between petroleum asphalt and bio-oils is helpful for better understanding the properties of bio-asphalts.
- (3)
- The properties of bio-asphalts need to be further improved. Currently, most researchers are trying to add additive agents into bio-asphalts in order to enhance the high temperature properties, anti-ageing property, etc. However, applying some agents, such as SBS and nanomaterials, increases the price of modified asphalt to some degree. Therefore, more reasonable optimization methods need to be proposed in future. In particular, optimizing the properties of bio-oils themselves may be a better approach, and it is necessary to be studied.
- (4)
- Further tests are needed to comprehensively understand the properties of bio-asphalts, such as thermal storage stability and their adhesion with aggregates. In addition, the long-term performance of bio-asphalt mixtures should be tested and tracked in field applications during the service life of pavement.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Characteristic Range |
---|---|
pH | 2.5–3.5 |
Moisture dosage (wt %) | 15–30 |
Viscosity (40 °C, cP) | 35–1000 |
Viscosity (500 °C, cP) | 40–100 |
Ash (wt %) | 0–0.2 |
Binders | Elemental Composition | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
C (%) | H (%) | O (%) | N (%) | |
Petroleum asphalt binder 1 [44] | 83.17 | 10.28 | 1.33 | 0.45 |
Petroleum asphalt binder 2 [44] | 85.20 | 10.30 | 1.25 | 0.58 |
Swine waste bio-oil [45] | 72.58 | 9.76 | 13.19 | 4.47 |
Waste wood bio-oil [29] | 54–56 | 5.5–7.2 | 35–45 | 0–0.2 |
Switchgrass bio-oil [46] | 47.53 | 6.81 | 45.19 | 0.51 |
Alfalfa bio-oil [46] | 53.88–56.84 | 8.47–7.86 | 31.3–32.73 | 3.73–4.59 |
Corn stover bio-oil [47] | 46.5 | 5.9 | 46.2 | -- |
Oakwood bio-oil [47] | 60.5 | 6.5 | 34.6 | -- |
Coffee residue bio-oil [35] | 32.38 | 10.13 | -- | 2.08 |
Laurel bio-oil [48] | 49.65 | 8.1 | 41.63 | 5.0 |
Tea waste bio-oil [36] | 69.26 | 8.97 | 15.58 | 6.19 |
Rapeseed [33] | 72.8 | 10.8 | 13.1 | 3.3 |
Soybean [34] | 67.89 | 7.77 | -- | 10.84 |
Palm Shell bio-oil [49] | 47.6 | 8.1 | 43.7 | 0.6 |
Rice straw bio-oil [50] | 49.19 | 5.55 | 43.10 | 0.13 |
Bamboo sawdust bio-oil [50] | 41.39 | 7.03 | 49.55 | 2.01 |
Delonix regia bio-oil [51] | 50.62–58.32 | 6.93–7.65 | 32.75–41.34 | 1.06–1.28 |
Agricultural garbage-straw bio-oil [52] | 59.27 | 12.68 | 27.25 | 0.80 |
Sawdust bio-oil [53] | 68.550 | 7.176 | 22.219 | 0.110 |
Researchers | Binders | Functional Groups | Compounds |
---|---|---|---|
Zhang et al. [20] | Petroleum asphalt 70# | C-H bending S=O stretching CH3 bending C=C stretching C-H stretching | Aromatic compounds; sulfoxide; aliphatic compounds; alkanes |
Zhang et al. [20] | Waste wood bio-oil | C-H bending S=O stretching C-O stretching CH3 bending −NO2 stretching C=C stretching C=O stretching C-H stretching O-H, N-H stretching | Aromatic compounds; sulfoxide; phenol and esters; aliphatic compounds; nitrogenous compounds; ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and acyls; alkanes; polymeric O-H, water, and NH2 |
Kawale et al. [51] | Delonix regia bio-oil | O-H stretching C-H stretching C=O stretching C=C stretching C-O stretching O-H bending C-H bending | Polymeric O-H, water impurities; alkanes, alkenes; ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids; primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols, phenol, ester, and ether; aromatics |
Shah et al. [54] | Spirogyra bio-oil | C-O stretching C-H bending C=C stretching C-H stretching O-H stretching | Ethers; alkanes; aromatics; alcohols |
Cao et al. [53] | Sawdust bio-oil | O-H, N-H stretching C-H stretching C=O stretching C=C stretching C-H bending C-O stretching O-H stretching | Hydrocarbons; esters; aromatic hydrocarbons |
Researchers | Biomass Sources | Processing Technology | Tested Main Compounds |
---|---|---|---|
Zhang et al. [21] | Waste wood | Fast pyrolysis | 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol; Naphthalene; 2-Methoxyphenol; Diethyl phthalate; Pentadecane; 2-Cyclopenten-1-one; Indene; 4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol |
Kong et al. [57] | Ulva prolifera | Liquefaction over the parent HY catalyst | Benzene, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3,5-dimethyl-; 1H-Indole-3-carboxylic acid, 5-hydroxy-; Eicosanoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester; 1-Propene, 1-chloro-; 2,2-Diethoxyacetophenone; Ethanone, 1-(2-benzothiazolyl)-; 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester; Benzonitrile |
Liquefaction over 8% Fe/HY catalyst | 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester; Hexanoic acid, hexadecyl ester; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methylester; Benzonitrie; 2-Amino-5-methylbenzoic acid; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; Benzaladehyde, oxime, (Z)-; Benzene, [2-(1-propoxyethoxy)ethyl]- | ||
Kawale et al. [51] | Delonix regia | Pyrolysis | Benzene; 4-Penten-2-one, 4-methyl-; 1,4-Butanediol, diacetate; N,N,O-Triacetylhydroxylamine; Pyridine; Propanedinitrile, (acetyloxy)methyl-; Acetohydroxamic acid; Pentane,2,2,4,4-tetramethyl- |
Yuan et al. [52] | Agricultural garbage-straw | Liquefaction | 2,4,6-Tris(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl cyclohexyl ester. |
Liu et al. [56] | Pine sawdust | Fast pyrolysis | l-polyglucose; Caproic acid; o-methoxyphenol; 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cycloamylene ketone; furfural; 2-methoxy p-methylphenol; p-methyl phenol; 2-methoxy -2-amylene |
Tahir et al. [55] | Jinan Pine waste | Fast pyrolysis | Acid Group; Carboxylic acids; Amide Group; Ether Groups; Phenolic Group |
Shah et al. [54] | Spirogyra | Pyrolysis | 3,4,5- Tri-methyl pyrazole; 2,3,4-Trimethyl-d-xylose; 1-H imidazole1,2,4,5-tetramethyl; 2-H imidazole,2,4,5-tetramethyl; Hexadecanenitrile; Benzonitrile, 4-methyl; 2-pyrrilidinone; 2-Hexadecene3,7,11,15-tetramethyl |
Researchers | Biomass Sources | Binders | Bio-Oil Content (%) | Penetration (25 °C) (0. 1 mm) | Softening Point (°C) | Ductility (5 °C) (cm) | Penetration Index (PI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang et al. [20] | -- | Petroleum asphalt with penetration grade of 70 | 0 | -- | 48 | -- | -- |
Waste wood | Bio-asphalt | 10 | -- | 47.4 | -- | -- | |
15 | -- | 47.2 | -- | -- | |||
20 | -- | 47 | -- | -- | |||
25 | -- | 46.9 | -- | -- | |||
30 | -- | 46.9 | -- | -- | |||
He et al. [60] | -- | SBS modified asphalt | 0 | 51.7 | 66.3 | 19.8 | -- |
Unknown | Bio-asphalt I | 30 | 61.5 | 69.3 | 54.2 | -- | |
Unknown | Bio-asphalt II | 30 | 70.9 | 54 | 38.8 | -- | |
50 | 78.8 | 51.7 | Brittle failure | -- | |||
Alamawi et al. [63] | -- | Petroleum asphalt with penetration grade of 80/100 | 0 | 85 | 46.5 | -- | -- |
Palm kernel oil polyol | Bio-asphalt | 20 | 98.7 | 40 | -- | -- | |
40 | 59.2 | 46 | -- | -- | |||
60 | 70.5 | 45.5 | -- | -- | |||
Rasman et al. [62] | -- | Petroleum asphalt with penetration grade of 80/100 | 0 | 86.8 | 41 | -- | −2.19 |
Waste cooking oil | Bio-asphalt | 1 | 92.1 | 39 | -- | −2.84 | |
2 | 95.6 | 40 | -- | −2.90 | |||
3 | 116.1 | 38 | -- | −2.81 | |||
Li et al. [61] | -- | Petroleum asphalt | 0 | 62 | 48.5 | 0 | −1.0 |
Soybean | Bio-asphalt | 10 | 64.1 | 50 | 6.8 | −0.6 | |
15 | 83.1 | 48.9 | 6.1 | −0.3 | |||
20 | 108.6 | 46.3 | 9.7 | −0.2 | |||
30 | 172.8 | 45.4 | 10.7 | 1.3 | |||
Tu et al. [64] | -- | Petroleum asphalt | 0 | 76 | 48.7 | >100 (15 °C) | -- |
Pinewood | Bio-asphalt | 5 | -- | 50.5 | -- | -- | |
10 | -- | 51.4 | -- | -- | |||
15 | -- | 51.7 | -- | -- | |||
20 | -- | 51.2 | -- | -- |
Researchers | Base Binder | Biomass Sources | Bio-Oil Content (%) | Test Temperature | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sun et al. [67] | Asphalt with penetration of 67.5 | Waste wood | 0,2.8 | 298, 333, 408, 436 K | Bio-oil decreased the viscosity of base asphalt. |
Fini et al. [68] | Petroleum asphalt | Swine manure | 2,5,10 | -- | Bio-oil improved the workability of asphalt binder. |
Fini et al. [8] | Petroleum asphalt PG 64-22 | Swine manure, corn stover, miscanthus pellets, wood pellets | 10 | 105,120,135,150 °C | In comparison, the miscanthus pellets-based bio-asphalt had the highest viscosity, while wood pellets-based bio-asphalt had the lowest viscosity. |
Azahar et al. [42] | Asphalt with 60/70 penetration grade | Waste cooking oil | 3,4,5 | 135 °C | Waste cooking oil decreased the viscosity of asphalt. |
Mills-Beale et al. [32] | Asphalt PG 64-22 | Swine waste | 5 | 12, 135, 150, 165, 180 °C | Bio-oil decreased the viscosity of asphalt binder. |
Williams et al. [39] | Petroleum asphalt | Oak wood, switchgrass, corn stover | 3,6,9 | -- | Bio-asphalts had similar temperature sensitivity to petroleum asphalt and behaved similar to viscoelastic materials. |
Researchers | Base Binder | Biomass Sources | Bio-Oil Content (%) | Test Equipment | Evaluation Index | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sun et al. [67] | Asphalt with penetration depth of 67.5 | Waste wood | 0, 2.8, 5.5, 8.0, 10.4 | DSR | G*/sinδ, G*, δ, G*sinδ | Bio-oil decreased the high temperature properties of asphalt but enhanced its low temperature cracking resistance. |
Wen et al. [69] | Petroleum asphalt PG 58-28, PG 76-22, PG 82-16 | Waste cooking oil | 0, 10, 30, 60 | DSR, BBR | Jnr, PG grade, failure strength, CSED | Bio-oil decreased the high and low PG grades and rutting resistance, whereas it increased the thermal cracking resistance. |
Tang et al. [71] | Petroleum asphalt PG64-16, PG58-22, SBS modified asphalt | Oakwood, switchgrass, corn stover | 3,6,9 | DSR, BBR | High critical temperature, low critical temperature | The performance grade of bio-asphalts varied depending on biomass sources and types of base asphalt. |
Fini et al. [68] | Petroleum asphalt | Swine manure | 2,5,10 | -- | -- | The bio-oil enhanced the cracking resistance of asphalt at low temperature. |
Mills-Beale et al. [32] | Asphalt PG 64-22 | Swine waste | 5 | DSR, BBR | G*, δ, G*/sinδ, creep stiffness, m-value | At higher temperatures, the bio-asphalt showed enhanced rutting resistance. Bio-oil enhanced the cracking resistance of asphalt at low-temperature. |
Fini et al. [8] | Petroleum asphalt PG 64-22 | Swine manure, corn stover, miscanthus pellets, wood Pellets | 10 | DSR | G*/sinδ | In comparison, swine manure bio-asphalt had the highest rutting resistance, whereas wood pellets had the lowest rutting resistance. |
Zhang et al. [13,72] | Petroleum asphalt PG64-22 | Wood plant, paraffifinic oil, aromatic oil, motor oil | 5,6,7,10,11 | DSR, BBR | G*/sinδ, PG grade, Jnr, stiffness, m value, G*sinδ, | All bio-oils had a favorable influence on the low temperature properties and fatigue resistance of asphalt, whereas they were detrimental to the high-temperature properties. |
Tu et al. [64] | Petroleum asphalt AH-70 | Pine wood | 5,10,15,20 | DSR | G*/sinδ, Rs | The content of bio-oil should be controlled to keep better thermal storage stability of asphalt. |
Cao et al. [53] | Petroleum asphalt 50#, 70# | Sawdust | 5,10,15,20 | DSR | G*/sinδ, G* | Adding bio-oil into petroleum asphalt 50# decreased the high-temperature deformation resistance but improved the deformation resistance when applied in petroleum asphalt 70#. |
Wang et al. [70] | Petroleum asphalt PG 64-22 | Waste cooking oil (WCO) | 1,3,5 | DSR | Jnr, Nf, ER value | WCO decreased the resistance to rutting of asphalt but improved its fatigue resistance. |
Guarin et al. [73] | Petroleum asphalt Pen 160/220 | Fish oil, rapeseed oil | 7,7.5,8 | DSR, BBR | G*/sinδ, PG grade, stiffness, m value | Bio-oil modification enhanced the low-temperature performance of asphalt while diminishing its high-temperature performance. Fish oil-based bio-asphalt worked better than the rapeseed oil-based bio-asphalt. |
Researchers | Base Binder | Biomass Sources | Bio-Oil Content (%) | Test Equipment | Evaluation Index | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wen et al. [69] | Petroleum asphalt PG 58-28, PG 76-22, PG 82-16 | Waste cooking oil | 0, 10, 30, 60 | RTFO | Mass loss | The added bio-oil slightly increased the percent mass loss of asphalt. |
Fini et al. [8] | Petroleum asphalt PG 64-22 | Swine manure, corn stover, miscanthus pellets, wood pellets | 10 | RTFO, PAV, RV, DSR | Viscosity ageing index (VAI), ageing index (AI) | The swine manure-based bio-asphalt had better anti-aging property than plant-based bio-asphalts. |
Guarin et al. [73] | Petroleum asphalt Pen 160/220 | Fish oil, rapeseed oil | 7,7.5,8 | RTFO | Mass loss | After modification with bio-oil, the percent mass loss of asphalt increased after RTFO aging. |
Wang et al. [70] | Petroleum asphalt PG 64-22 | Waste cooking oil | 1,3,5 | RTFO, PAV, DSR | Jnr, Nf, ER value | Bio-oil lowered the anti-ageing property of asphalt. |
Zhang et al. [15] | Petroleum asphalt | Waste wood | 10,15,20,25,30 | RTFO, Penetration, Softening point | Residual penetration ratio, a difference of softening point, mass loss | Bio-oil significantly decreased the anti-ageing property. |
Azahar et al. [42] | 60/70 penetration grade asphalt | Waste cooking oil (WCO) | 3,4,5 | RTFO, DSR | Aging index, G*/sinδ | WCO increased the temperature susceptibility of asphalt. |
Dhasmana et al. [74] | Petroleum asphalt PG 64-22 | Algae, swine manure, nanoalgae | -- | RTFO, DSR | Complex modulus, phase angle | After ageing, all bio-asphalts behaved similar to elastic materials and exhibited significantly high modulus values. |
Barzegari et al. [75] | Petroleum asphalt PG 64-22 | Switch grass, pinewood | -- | RTFO, PAV, DSR | Complex modulus, recovery capacity, R-value | The properties of bio-asphalts deteriorated significantly during long-term aging. Switchgrass bio-asphalt was affected the most. |
Researchers | Biomass Sources | Binders | Bio-Oil Content (%) | Saturates (%) | Asphaltenes (%) | Resins (%) | Aromatics (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang et al. [21] | -- | PG 64-22 | 0 | 14.3 | 24.4 | 8.8 | 42.7 |
Waste wood | Bio-asphalt | 15 | 6.8 | 16.7 | 17.0 | 59.5 | |
Guarin et al. [73] | -- | Bitumen Penetration Grade 160/220 | 0 | 9.0 | 49.6 | 22.4 | 19.0 |
Fish oil | Bio-asphalt | -- | 7.6 | 44.3 | 27.2 | 20.9 | |
Rapeseed oil | Bio-asphalt | -- | 7.1 | 43.6 | 30.4 | 18.9 | |
Wang et al. [70] | -- | PG 64-22 | 0 | 19.5 | 18.2 | 22.5 | 38.2 |
PG 64-22 (RTFO) | 17.5 | 20.9 | 24.8 | 36.2 | |||
PG 64-22 (PAV) | 15.8 | 23.9 | 25.1 | 33.6 | |||
Waste cooking oil | Bio-asphalt | 1 | 14.4 | 16.3 | 27.6 | 37.3 | |
Bio-asphalt (RTFO) | 14.1 | 19.2 | 24.6 | 37.5 | |||
Bio-asphalt (PAV) | 13.3 | 21.9 | 28.5 | 32.9 | |||
Bio-asphalt | 3 | 12.6 | 15.1 | 27.0 | 39.8 | ||
Bio-asphalt (RTFO) | 16.8 | 20.1 | 24.0 | 35.7 | |||
Bio-asphalt (PAV) | 18.0 | 17.4 | 26.5 | 34.0 | |||
Bio-asphalt | 5 | 15.0 | 18.9 | 29.5 | 32.2 | ||
Bio-asphalt (RTFO) | 15.6 | 20.1 | 26.9 | 32.7 | |||
Bio-asphalt (PAV) | 12.6 | 25.8 | 25.0 | 32.8 | |||
Dhasmana et al. [74] | -- | PG 64-22 | 0 | -- | 4.1 | 41.9 | 54 |
Algae | Bio-asphalt | -- | 47 | 1.5 | 4.1 | 47.5 | |
Swine manure | Bio-asphalt | -- | -- | 6.1 | 80.8 | 13.1 |
Researchers | Biomass Sources | High-Temperature Performance | Intermedium Temperature Performance | Low-Temperature Performance | Moisture Resistance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mohammad et al. [78] | Pinewood | Similar or improved | Decreased | Improved | Improved |
Yang et al. [3] | Waste wood | Decreased | Significantly improved | -- | -- |
Zhang et al. [13] | Wood plant liquid, refine waste oil | -- | -- | Improved | -- |
Zeng et al. [79] | Castor oil | Decreased | -- | -- | Decreased |
Zhang et al. [2] | Waste wood | Decreased | -- | Improved | Improved |
Gaudenzi et al. [80] | Wood pulp and paper | -- | Similar | Improved | Similar |
Mirhosseini et al. [43] | Date seed oil | Decreased | Improved | -- | Slightly affected |
Dong et al. [76] | Corn | Improved | -- | Decreased | Decreased |
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Zhang, R.; You, Z.; Ji, J.; Shi, Q.; Suo, Z. A Review of Characteristics of Bio-Oils and Their Utilization as Additives of Asphalts. Molecules 2021, 26, 5049. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165049
Zhang R, You Z, Ji J, Shi Q, Suo Z. A Review of Characteristics of Bio-Oils and Their Utilization as Additives of Asphalts. Molecules. 2021; 26(16):5049. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165049
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Ran, Zhanping You, Jie Ji, Qingwen Shi, and Zhi Suo. 2021. "A Review of Characteristics of Bio-Oils and Their Utilization as Additives of Asphalts" Molecules 26, no. 16: 5049. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165049