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Article

Sulphur-Bridged BAl5S5+ with 17 Counting Electrons: A Regular Planar Pentacoordinate Boron System

by
Yuhan Ye
,
Yiqiao Wang
,
Min Zhang
*,
Yun Geng
and
Zhongmin Su
Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(17), 5205; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175205
Submission received: 28 July 2021 / Revised: 18 August 2021 / Accepted: 24 August 2021 / Published: 27 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Chemical Bonds, Planar Multi-Coordinate Topologies and Their Functional Applications)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
At present, most of the reported planar pentacoordinate clusters are similar to the isoelectronic substitution of CAl5+, with 18 counting electrons. Meanwhile, the regular planar pentacoordinate boron systems are rarely reported. Hereby, a sulphur-bridged BAl5S5+ system with a five-pointed star configuration and 17 counting electrons is identified at the global energy minimum through the particle-swarm optimization method, based on the previous recognition on bridged sulphur as the peripheral tactics to the stable planar tetracoordinate carbon and boron. Its outstanding stability has been demonstrated by thermodynamic analysis at 900 K, electronic properties and chemical bonding analysis. This study provides adequately theoretical basis and referable data for its experimental capture and testing.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Planar hypercoordinate motif is a significant field due to the structural novelty and the rule-breaking traditional recognition on covalent bonding among planar multiatoms. The atomic interaction in the plane configuration exists as a special category, which also possesses a profound impact on the understanding of 2D material structure and the corresponding functional properties. Hence, the plane pentacoordinate carbon (PPC) continues its development and research on the foremost basis of the plane tetracoordination [1]. In addition, understanding the stability exhibited by planar tetracoordinate structures also elucidates further approach to design plane multicoordinate systems [2,3]. Hoffmann et al. [4] firstly theoretically proposed to stabilize plane tetracoordinate carbon (PTC) structure [5,6,7] with electronic strategy [8] in 1970, and designed planar PTC structure with the lower energy, which attracted extensive attention. With the development of PTC in clusters, planar penta-, hexa- and hepta-coordinate carbon systems as well as other planar multicoordinate carbon (PMC) structures have also been proposed and reported. For example, CB62−, CB7−, CB8−, etc., have been designed or synthesized theoretically or experimentally [9,10,11,12,13,14].
Due to the unique electronic deficient nature of boron element, planar multicoordinate boron (PMB) structures widely exist in some ionic states of boron clusters and boron-rich systems, which tend to form multicentric bonds between boron atom and other adjacent atoms in nature [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. In 2004, the first global energy minimum (GEM) BCu5H5− with D5h symmetry and bridged hydrogen was first proposed [27]. In 2005, some neutral all-B aromatic clusters with PMB were established according to topological resonance energy. Ref. [28] In 2008, Pei et al. theoretically proposed a series of planar tetra-, penta- and hexa-coordinated carbon-boron mixed clusters [29]. In 2009, Yu et al. proposed the borane cation B6H5+ with D5h symmetry and bridged hydrogen, which is another instance of PPB at the GEM and exhibits good aromaticity [30]. Meanwhile, many instances containing PPC are also reported. In 2010, Jimenez-Halla et al. reported the formation of isoelectronic CAl4Be and CAl3Be2− clusters by replacing Al atoms in CAl5+ with Be and regulating the related charges, where the central carbon acts as the σ receptor and the σ bond possesses a feedback synergistic effect from the C 2pz orbital to the conjugated π bond [31]. In 2015, Guo et al. proposed that CAl2Be32− could realize VDE stabilization through Li+ and divalent anion complexation [32]. In 2015, Grande-Aztatzi et al. proposed that CBe5Linn−4 (n = 2–5) could reduce the electrostatic effect by combining with Li+ ions [33]. Ding et al. proposed the CAl4X+ cluster, CAl4MX2 cluster [34] and other transition metal bond cooperation [35]. Until now, most of the planar pentacoordinate clusters fit the isoelectronic substitution of CAl5+, namely, the 18 counting electron rule (the total valence electron including the central atom and its adjacent coordinate atoms), which plays a decisive role in providing the corresponding stability [36]. In the latter, researchers found that generally the thermodynamic preference of the 17e/18e counting rule is over the 15e/16e rule.
The GEM structure of B6S5 with a plane pentagonal configuration and 18 counting electrons has been identified by our group [37]. Due to the co-existence of π bridge bond and σ bond, the B-S-B-bridged connection effectively realized the combination of electronic strategy and mechanical strategy [37]. Before that, the sulphur-bridged PTC and tetracoordinate boron (PTB) structures were also studied by our group [38,39]. All these studies demonstrate that S atom, as a special bridging element, could help to obtain stabilized planar multicoordinate systems. A five-pointed star configuration of XAl5S5n (X = C, B; n = 0, +1, +2) was considered in this study, with B and C as the central atom and S as the peripheral bridged atoms. Through the structure search and the subsequent reconfirmation, the BAl5S5+ structure was finally identified as an excellent system with a five-pointed star configuration at its GEM and 17 counting electrons. Its outstanding stability has been further verified by the corresponding orbital analysis, thermodynamic analysis, and so on. The details are provided in the following parts.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Structure and Stability of XAl5S5n (X = C, B; n = 0, +1, +2) Clusters

The initially generated structures were all identified at B3LYP/6-31G for XAl5S5n (X = C, B; n = 0, +1, +2) clusters through the particle-swarm optimization method. The obtained structures with no imaginary frequency were further optimized at B3LYP/def2-TZVP level. Finally, single-point calculations were carried out for the four isomers with the lowest energies at the CCSD/6-31G(d) level and with ZPE corrections at the same level.
The GEM structures of four systems with PPC or PPB are all shown in Figure 1, and their other low-lying structures are shown in Figure S1 in the Supplementary Materials. The energy of PPC D5h CAl5S52+ with 17 counting electrons is 14.68 kJ/mol lower than that of the second-lowest energy structure. Meanwhile, the energy of PPB D5h BAl5S5+ with 17 counting electrons is 28.90 kJ/mol lower than that of the second-lowest energy structure. These two systems at their GEM structures with 18 counting electrons are also with quasi-planar pentacoordinate central atom. However, their symmetries both drop to C1. Other information about the low-lying structures of these systems is all given in Figure S1 in the Supplementary Materials.
Then, Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations [40] of four GEM structures were performed over 15 ps at ambient temperature, 600 K and 900 K for the evaluation on their dynamic stability. The PPB D5h BAl5S5+ with 17 counting electrons can keep its structural integrity even at 900 K (Figure 2), which is extremely robust against isomerization and decomposition. Its RMSDs fluctuate relatively small, suggesting its good kinetic stability. In contrast, The PPC D5h CAl5S52+ with 17 counting electrons can keep its structural integrity at 600 K (Figure S2 in the Supplementary Materials). The other two systems with 18 counting electrons also can keep their structural integrity at 298 K (Figure S2 in the Supplementary Materials). These data demonstrate: firstly, D5h BAl5S5+ with the highest stability; secondly, the systems with 17 counting electrons are more stable than those with 18 counting electrons in our systems.

2.2. Electronic Properties and NBO Analysis on CAl5S5+, CAl5S52+, BAl5S5, BAl5S5+

To investigate and understand the reason why BAl5S5+ possesses the best stability among these systems, the electronic properties and bonding analysis on CAl5S5 and BAl5S5 with 17 and 18 counting electrons are discussed here. Table 1 lists their NPA and WBI bond orders obtained from NBO analysis. Through further structural analysis, it can be found that the central C and B are negatively charged, the aluminum is positively charged, and the peripheral sulfur is negatively charged. The negative–positive–negative distribution of electrons is beneficial to their stability. According to bond level analysis, the Al-Al Wiberg bond level is very weak (the WBIAl-Al values are all below 0.14), indicating that their interatomic bonding is very weak. The key factor to stabilize the PPC and PPB atoms is the C-Al and B-Al bonding, as well as the stability of the Al-S-Al bond in the periphery. This also indicates that S, as a bridged atom, plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the plane structure.
The total WBI bond levels of C atoms in electron CAl5S52+ (17e) and 18 electron CAl5S5+ (17e) are 2.06 and 2.43, respectively. Similarly, the total WBI bond levels of B atoms in electron BAl5S5+ (17e) and 18 electron BAl5S5 (18e) are 2.80 and 3.36, respectively. This indicates that the interaction between central B atom and adjacent Al atoms is much stronger than that between central C atom and adjacent Al atoms. Meanwhile, the dynamic stability of BAl5S5+ is best, although its WBI total value is not the highest one.
Localized orbital locator (LOL) [41] analysis can well reflect the electron distribution in the whole system (Figure 3). It is clearly easy to see that the electron distribution is symmetrically distributed in BAl5S5+. No region with electron density is over 0.6e there, indicating that electron repulsion is relatively small. To clarify, the difference of electron repulsion caused the last counting electron. The uneven bonding and unevenly distributed electron in other systems must result in the reduction in the stability. Furthermore, the existence of the higher electron density in the small area also produces stronger electron repulsion. In addition, the electron distribution and the corresponding energy of the six highest-occupied π MOs in BAl5S5+ and BAl5S5 are shown in Figures S3 and S4 in the Supplementary Materials, which is a very important factor to maintain the planar structure. Clearly, the similar degenerate π MOs exists, but the energies of the orbital energies of BAl5S5 are very high compared to those α energies f BAl5S5+. These also can elucidate why BAl5S5+ is the best one among all the investigated systems. That is consistent with the previous BOMD analysis (Figure 2).

2.3. Chemical Bonding on the PPB BAl5S5+ Cluster

The internal bonding mode and electron distribution characteristics can be intuitively understood by semi-localized AdNDP analysis. After the previous stability exploration, the AdNDP analysis on BAl5S5+ is executed (Figure 4). The analysis clearly shows the lone pair of five S atoms, the two-center–two-electron (2c–2e) σ bond between Al-S atoms and the three-center–two-electron (3c–2e) π bond between Al-S-Al atoms. The 5π bonds fit the rule of Hückel aromatics (2 × 2 + 1), which is one of the factors that stabilize the whole structure. In addition, the central atom B of the planar pentacoordination is stabilized by five delocalized bonds: three delocalized 6c–2e σ bonds and one delocalized π single electron in the 6c–2e bond (electron-occupied number is about 1.1e). The 3σ bonds indicate the σ contribution to the central atom B, while the inner single-electron π bond overlaps weak with the outer 5π bonds. The semi-localized AdNDP analysis showed that the electron repulsion in the system was very weak, which made BAl5S5+ exhibit good stability at 17 electrons.
In order to confirm the conclusion of aromaticity obtained by AdNDP analysis, we calculated the NICs values for the structure of BAl5S5+. The NICS value over central B atom at 1 Å and 2 Å are both negative (−12.80 ppm and −3.13 ppm), indicating its excellent aromaticity. The NICS values at other positions are also shown in Figure 5. The aromatic existence in BAl5S5+ makes its structure stable, which provides a further explanation for the previous kinetic and thermodynamic stability.

3. Computational Methodology

The global minimum structural search of all the XAl5S5n (X = C, B; n = 0, +1, +2) clusters were conducted with the particle-swarm optimization (PSO) method [42], as implemented in the CALYPSO [39] code. More than 1000 stationary points were generated and searched for each of the species. All the calculations, including optimization and the corresponding analysis, were executed using the Gaussian 09 package [43]. Restricted calculation is used for closed-shell systems, and unrestricted calculation is used for open-shell systems and odd-electron systems, and the energy differences caused by spin multiplicity are also considered. These PPB species, together with other low-lying states, were re-optimized and the harmonic vibrational frequencies analysis at the hybrid B3LYP functional in connection with def2-TZVP basis set to further ensure they are the ground states [44]. Finally, these GEM clusters of XAl5S5n were analyzed using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) 3.0 in Gaussian 09 for obtaining natural population analysis (NPA), Wiberg bond indices (WBIs). Adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) [44] analyses were operated at the same level using the Multifwn3.3.8 program [41].

4. Conclusions

A BAl5S5+ system with a five-pointed star configuration and 17 counting electrons is identified at the global energy minimum.
The sulphur-bridged planar structure of BAl5S5+ with a five-pointed star configuration at the global energy minimum is identified through the particle-swarm optimization method and possesses the best stability among the investigated systems of XAl5S5n (X = C, B; n = 0, +1, +2). By calculating BOMD, BAl5S5+ endures the best stability at 900 K. The following analysis on the electronic property and chemical bonding clearly interprets the contribution from peripheral S-bridged connection and the 17 counting electrons. This study provides adequately theoretical basis and referable data for its experimental capture and testing.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online, Figure S1: The optimized structures of the four lowest isomers of PPC/B and quasi-PPC systems at B3LYP/def2-TZVP and the corresponding single-point energies at CCSD/6-31g(d) and the lowest frequency, Figure S2: Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations at different temperatures and their root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) for four systems. Figure S3: The α electron profile and the corresponding energy of the 6 highest-occupied π MOs of BAl5S5+. Figure S4: The electron profile and the corresponding energy of the 6 highest-occupied π MOs of BAl5S5. Table S1: The important information on the GEM structures of PPC/B and quasi-PPC systems at B3LYP/def2-TZVP level.

Author Contributions

Y.Y. and Y.W. executed the theoretical simulation and wrote the first version of the manuscript, M.Z. designed the research project and wrote the final version of this article, Y.G. and Z.S. joined this project and the discussion of this study. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21673036) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2412018ZD006) and the Education Department of Jilin Prov. China (JJKH20211284KJ).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within this article.

Acknowledgments

Most computations were carried out on TianHe-2 at the LvLiang Cloud Computing Center of China. The support of the computational resources from the Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, is also acknowledged.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Not applicable.

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Molecules 26 05205 g001 550
Figure 1. The Optimized Structures and Bond Lengths for XAl5S5 (X = C, B; n = 0, +1, +2) clusters and their lowest frequencies at CCSD/6-31G(d) level.
Figure 1. The Optimized Structures and Bond Lengths for XAl5S5 (X = C, B; n = 0, +1, +2) clusters and their lowest frequencies at CCSD/6-31G(d) level.
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Molecules 26 05205 g002 550
Figure 2. Root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) of BAl5S5+ during Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations at 900 K. The final snapshot of the structure is also shown here.
Figure 2. Root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) of BAl5S5+ during Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations at 900 K. The final snapshot of the structure is also shown here.
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Molecules 26 05205 g003 550
Figure 3. Localized orbital locator (LOL) analysis of (a) CAl5S5+, (b) CAl5S52+, (c) BAl5S5, (d) BAl5S5+.
Figure 3. Localized orbital locator (LOL) analysis of (a) CAl5S5+, (b) CAl5S52+, (c) BAl5S5, (d) BAl5S5+.
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Molecules 26 05205 g004 550
Figure 4. AdNDP analysis of D5h BAl5S5+.
Figure 4. AdNDP analysis of D5h BAl5S5+.
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Figure 5. NICS value analysis of D5h BAl5S5+.
Figure 5. NICS value analysis of D5h BAl5S5+.
Molecules 26 05205 g005
Table
Table 1. Important NPA charges and Wiberg Bond Indices (WBIs) of CAl5S5+, CAl5S52+, BAl5S5, BAl5S5+.
Table 1. Important NPA charges and Wiberg Bond Indices (WBIs) of CAl5S5+, CAl5S52+, BAl5S5, BAl5S5+.
CAl5S5+ (18e)CAl5S52+ (17e) BAl5S5 (18e)BAl5S5+ (17e)
QC−2.50−1.87QB−2.56−0.63
QAl1.42/1.43/1.441.40QAl1.310.66
QS−0.72/−0.73/−0.74−0.63QS−0.80−0.34
WBIC2.432.06WBIB3.362.80
WBIAl2.47–2.512.51WBIAl2.662.61
WBIS1.99–2.022.10WBIS1.921.99
WBIC-Al0.40–0.450.36WBIB-Al0.600.50
WBIAl-Al0.100.10WBIAl-Al0.140.12
WBIAl-S0.89–0.930.96WBIAl-S0.850.91
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Ye, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, M.; Geng, Y.; Su, Z. Sulphur-Bridged BAl5S5+ with 17 Counting Electrons: A Regular Planar Pentacoordinate Boron System. Molecules 2021, 26, 5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175205

AMA Style

Ye Y, Wang Y, Zhang M, Geng Y, Su Z. Sulphur-Bridged BAl5S5+ with 17 Counting Electrons: A Regular Planar Pentacoordinate Boron System. Molecules. 2021; 26(17):5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175205

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ye, Yuhan, Yiqiao Wang, Min Zhang, Yun Geng, and Zhongmin Su. 2021. "Sulphur-Bridged BAl5S5+ with 17 Counting Electrons: A Regular Planar Pentacoordinate Boron System" Molecules 26, no. 17: 5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175205

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