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Article

Anticancer Effects of Ursi Fel Extract and Its Active Compound, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, in FRO Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells

1
Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
2
Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(17), 5309; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175309
Submission received: 24 April 2021 / Revised: 1 August 2021 / Accepted: 4 August 2021 / Published: 1 September 2021

Abstract

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most fatal human malignancies. Ursi Fel (UF) is the bile of a brown bear that has been traditionally used for heat clearance and toxin relief in Korean and Chinese medicines. In this study, we determined the anticancer effects of a UF extract and its active compound, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), in FRO human ATC cells. FRO cells were treated with UF extract and UDCA at different concentrations for various durations. Cell viability was measured using an MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was investigated by flow cytometric analysis following Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining, and Hoechst staining was used to observe nuclear fragmentation. The expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax, caspase-3, cytochrome c, and PARP), anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2), and angiogenetic (TGF-β, VEGF, N-cadherin, and sirtuin-1) proteins and the phosphorylation of Akt and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) were determined by western blot analysis. Treatment with UF extract at 10, 25, and 50 μg/mL and UDCA at 25, 50, and 100 μM/mL significantly inhibited the growth of FRO cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry and Hoechst staining revealed an increase in the apoptosis of FRO cells mediated by UF extract and UDCA in a dose-dependent manner. UF extract (25 and 50 μg) and UDCA (50 and 100 μM) significantly increased the expression of Bax, caspase-3, cytochrome c, and PARP and inhibited the expression of Bcl-2, TGF-β, VEGF, N-cadherin, and sirtuin-1 in FRO cells. Furthermore, UF extract and UDCA treatment stimulated Akt phosphorylation and inhibited mTOR phosphorylation in these cells. These results indicate that UF extract and UDCA exert anticancer properties in FRO cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis via regulating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
Keywords: thyroid cancer; Ursi Fel; ursodeoxycholic acid; anticancer effect; apoptosis; angiogenesis thyroid cancer; Ursi Fel; ursodeoxycholic acid; anticancer effect; apoptosis; angiogenesis
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MDPI and ACS Style

Jung, H.W.; Hwang, J.H. Anticancer Effects of Ursi Fel Extract and Its Active Compound, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, in FRO Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. Molecules 2021, 26, 5309. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175309

AMA Style

Jung HW, Hwang JH. Anticancer Effects of Ursi Fel Extract and Its Active Compound, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, in FRO Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. Molecules. 2021; 26(17):5309. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175309

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jung, Hyo Won, and Ji Hye Hwang. 2021. "Anticancer Effects of Ursi Fel Extract and Its Active Compound, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, in FRO Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells" Molecules 26, no. 17: 5309. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175309

APA Style

Jung, H. W., & Hwang, J. H. (2021). Anticancer Effects of Ursi Fel Extract and Its Active Compound, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, in FRO Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. Molecules, 26(17), 5309. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175309

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