Psychrotolerant Mesorhizobium sp. Isolated from Temperate and Cold Desert Regions Solubilizes Potassium and Produces Multiple Plant Growth Promoting Metabolites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Location Description and Collection of Soil Sample
2.2. Isolation of K Solubilizing Rhizobacteria
2.3. Screening of K Solubilizing Rhizobacteria
2.3.1. Qualitative Screening for K Solubilization Potential
2.3.2. Quantitative Screening for K Solubilization Potential
2.4. Production of Plant Growth-Promoting Characteristics
2.4.1. Hydrogen Cyanide
2.4.2. Ammonia Production
2.4.3. Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) Production
2.4.4. Protease Activity
2.4.5. Chitinase Production
2.4.6. Cellulase Activity
2.5. Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics
2.6. Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of KSB
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Isolation of K Solubilizing Rhizobacteria
3.2. Qualitative Screening for K Solubilization Potential
3.3. Quantitative Screening for K Solubilization Potential
3.4. Production of Plant Growth-Promoting Substances
3.5. Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of the Isolate
3.6. Molecular Characterization by 16S rDNA Gene Sequencing Approach
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Isolates | K Solubilization Hallow (cm) | Colony Diameter (cm) | Solubilization Efficiency (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Bacillus mucilaginosus * | 3.26 | 1.92 | 169.79 h |
KSB(Smg) | 3.37 | 2.82 | 119.50 l |
KSB (Drs) | 4.11 | 1.89 | 217.46 e |
KSBM | 3.10 | 1.98 | 156.56 i |
KSB(Gmr) | 3.47 | 2.61 | 132.95 k |
KSB(Mng) | 4.72 | 1.56 | 302.56 c |
KSB(Pd) | 3.25 | 2.97 | 109.42 m |
KSB(Sls) | 3.17 | 3.12 | 101.60 n |
KSB(Trs) | 3.97 | 2.10 | 189.04 f |
KSB(Kgl) | 4.38 | 1.77 | 247.45 d |
KSB(Grz) | 5.27 | 1.14 | 462.28 a |
KSB(Phg) | 3.84 | 2.18 | 176.14 g |
KSB(Glm) | 4.97 | 1.26 | 394.44 b |
KSB(Afr) | 3.61 | 2.54 | 142.12 j |
Isolates | Incubation Temperature | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 °C | 1 °C | 3 °C | 5 °C | 7 °C | 15 °C | 20 °C | |
Bacillus mucilaginosus | 0.00 i | 0.00 n | 0.00 h | 0.00 l | 0.89 n | 2.29 i | 4.31 l |
KSB(Smg) | 1.15 c | 1.53 f | 1.97 bcd | 2.35 f | 3.18 f | 5.11 bcd | 7.41 b |
KSB(Drs) | 0.89 g | 1.618 d | 2.01 abc | 2.50 e | 3.85 b | 4.93 cde | 5.55 i |
KSBM | 1.14 cd | 1.48 g | 1.97 bcd | 2.06 h | 2.80 i | 3.94 g | 4.90 k |
KSB(Gmr) | 1.33 b | 1.67 c | 2.18 ab | 3.10 b | 3.55 c | 4.70 de | 6.51 e |
KSB(Mng) | 1.09 d | 1.15 k | 2.00 e | 2.70 d | 3.21 e | 5.45 b | 6.55 d |
KSB(Pd) | 1.10 cd | 1.45 h | 1.75 de | 2.11 g | 3.09 g | 5.23 bc | 7.12 c |
KSB(Sls) | 0.73 h | 0.98 l | 1.26 f | 1.73 j | 2.07 l | 3.87 g | 4.25 m |
KSB(Trs) | 0.33 j | 0.59 m | 0.91 g | 1.37 k | 1.49 m | 2.13 i | 4.11 n |
KSB(Kgl) | 1.30 b | 1.57 e | 1.83 cde | 2.05 h | 2.39 k | 4.19 fg | 5.67 h |
KSB(Grz) | 1.55 a | 1.90 a | 2.29 a | 3.45 a | 4.20 a | 7.11 a | 10.19 a (136.4%) |
KSB(Phg) | 1.00 e | 1.26 j | 1.58 e | 2.03 i | 2.91 h | 4.55 ef | 6.15 f |
KSB(Glm) | 1.15 c | 1.69 b | 2.13 ab | 2.75 c | 3.28 d | 5.24 cde | 6.13 g |
KSB(Afr) | 0.95 f | 1.36 i | 1.72 de | 2.033 i | 2.46 j | 3.89 h | 5.31 j |
Isolates | Incubation Temperature | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 °C | 1 °C | 3 °C | 5 °C | 7 °C | 15 °C | 20 °C | |
Bacillus mucilaginosus | 0.00 n | 0.00 n | 0.00 n | 0.03 n | 1.64 n | 4.9 n | 8.13 j |
KSB(Smg) | 1.79 b | 3.31 b | 4.27 a | 3.09 a | 5.03 d | 8.43 b | 11.57 b |
KSB(Drs) | 1.50 h | 2.25 g | 2.80 g | 3.30 g | 5.09 c | 7.89 f | 9.29 h |
KSBM | 1.22 l | 2.73 d | 3.51 d | 3.95 d | 4.35 f | 5.48 m | 7.91 n |
KSB(Gmr) | 1.75 d | 3.21 c | 4.03 c | 4.75 c | 5.11 b | 8.13 c | 11.17 c |
KSB(Mng) | 1.55 f | 2.67 e | 2.91 f | 3.45 f | 4.33 g | 7.85 g | 10.06 f |
KSB(Pd) | 1.39 j | 1.87 k | 2.39 i | 3.11 i | 3.89 j | 6.31 i | 8.76 i |
KSB(Sls) | 1.30 k | 1.67 l | 2.00 l | 2.39 l | 3.19 l | 5.88 j | 8.00 l |
KSB(Trs) | 1.15 m | 1.43 m | 1.89 m | 2.29 m | 3.17 m | 5.76 l | 7.98 m |
KSB(Kgl) | 1.77 c | 2.53 f | 3.19 e | 3.90 e | 4.49 e | 8.11 d | 11.00 d |
KSB(Grz) | 2.15 a | 3.67 a | 4.10 b | 4.79 b | 5.29 a | 9.20 a | 13.33 a (63.9%) |
KSB(Phg) | 1.50 g | 1.89 i | 2.33 j | 3.01 j | 3.99 i | 7.67 h | 10.01 g |
KSB(Glm) | 1.61 e | 2.037 h | 2.58 h | 3.27 h | 4.11 h | 8.01 e | 10.66 e |
KSB(Afr) | 1.43 i | 1.87 j | 2.29 k | 2.60 k | 3.21 k | 5.77 k | 8.11 k |
Isolates | Incubation Temperature | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 °C | 1 °C | 3 °C | 5 °C | 7 °C | 15 °C | 20 °C | |
Bacillus mucilaginosus | 0.00 l | 0.00 n | 0.00 m | 0.04 n | 2.97 n | 10.76 m | 15.33 f |
KSB(Smg) | 2.11 b | 5.21 b | 6.89 b | 8.41 b | 10.58 c | 19.73 b | 19.72 b |
KSB(Drs) | 1.90 f | 4.91 e | 6.10 e | 7.01 e | 9.13 e | 17.30 e | 17.31 e |
KSBM | 1.80 h | 4.10 f | 5.92 f | 6.97 f | 8.23 f | 12.10 i | 14.90 g |
KSB(Gmr) | 2.05 c | 5.04 c | 6.67 c | 7.25 c | 10.27 d | 18.34 c | 18.34 c |
KSB(Mng) | 1.95 d | 4.97 d | 6.43 d | 7.11 d | 10.89 b | 17.83 d | 17.84 d |
KSB(Pd) | 1.84 h | 3.70 g | 5.05 i | 6.08 g | 6.78 g | 13.09 g | 13.10 i |
KSB(Sls) | 1.67 j | 2.78 l | 4.09 k | 4.90 l | 5.55 l | 10.97 k | 10.97 m |
KSB(Trs) | 1.50 k | 2.47 m | 3.85 l | 4.44 m | 5.13 m | 9.50 l | 9.80 n |
KSB(Kgl) | 1.93 e | 3.57 i | 5.19 g | 5.90 h | 6.43 h | 12.07 j | 12.10 k |
KSB(Grz) | 3.17 a | 6.35 a | 8.88 a | 10.00 a | 12.32 a | 23.35 a | 23.38 a (52.5%) |
KSB(Phg) | 1.79 i | 3.39 k | 5.00 j | 5.817 j | 6.19 j | 12.00 j | 12.00 l |
KSB(Glm) | 1.87 g | 3.59 h | 5.11 h | 5.87 i | 6.40 i | 13.23 f | 13.24 h |
KSB(Afr) | 1.80 h | 3.49 j | 5.01 i | 5.70 k | 6.013 k | 12.87 h | 12.89 j |
Isolates | HCN | Ammonia | IAA (µM/mL) | Protease (µM/mL) | Chitinase (µM/mL) | Cellulase (µM/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacillus mucilaginosus * | ++ | ++ | 27.00 g | 525.12 a | 5.10 a | 250.55 bc |
KSB(Smg) | + | + | 27.22 e | 325.74 e | 3.70 cd | 130 e |
KSB(Drs) | + | + | 31.00 b | 417.24 b | 2.90 e | 121 e |
KSBM | 21.37 k | 324.19 f | 2.70 e | 206 cd | ||
KSB(Gmr) | + | + | 17.09 m | 313.09 g | 5.20 a | 200 e |
KSB(Mng) | - | + | 23.11 j | 310.23 h | 3.80 cd | 101 e |
KSB(Pd) | + | + | 27.18 f | 297.12 j | 4.70 b | 150 e |
KSB(Sls) | + | - | 29.32 d | 281.18 k | 3.90 c | 185 d |
KSB(Trs) | - | + | 31.44 a | 330.72 d | 4.00 c | 230 bcd |
KSB(Kgl) | + | + | 25.71 i | 297.88 i | 2.90 e | 137 e |
KSB(Grz) | + | + | 31.54 a | 397.20 c | 3.80 cd | 390 a |
KSB(Phg) | + | - | 26.78 h | 267.93 m | 3.60 d | 229 bcd |
KSB(Glm) | + | + | 30.31 c | 226.19 n | 4.00 c | 115 e |
KSB(Afr) | - | + | 19.32 l | 278.62 l | 3.50 d | 270 b |
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Baba, Z.A.; Hamid, B.; Sheikh, T.A.; Alotaibi, S.H.; El Enshasy, H.A.; Ansari, M.J.; Zuan, A.T.K.; Sayyed, R.Z. Psychrotolerant Mesorhizobium sp. Isolated from Temperate and Cold Desert Regions Solubilizes Potassium and Produces Multiple Plant Growth Promoting Metabolites. Molecules 2021, 26, 5758. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195758
Baba ZA, Hamid B, Sheikh TA, Alotaibi SH, El Enshasy HA, Ansari MJ, Zuan ATK, Sayyed RZ. Psychrotolerant Mesorhizobium sp. Isolated from Temperate and Cold Desert Regions Solubilizes Potassium and Produces Multiple Plant Growth Promoting Metabolites. Molecules. 2021; 26(19):5758. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195758
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaba, Zahoor Ahmad, Basharat Hamid, Tahir Ahmad Sheikh, Saad H. Alotaibi, Hesham A. El Enshasy, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Ali Tan Kee Zuan, and R. Z. Sayyed. 2021. "Psychrotolerant Mesorhizobium sp. Isolated from Temperate and Cold Desert Regions Solubilizes Potassium and Produces Multiple Plant Growth Promoting Metabolites" Molecules 26, no. 19: 5758. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195758