Pharmaceuticals and Their Main Metabolites in Treated Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Amended Soil: Availability and Sorption Behaviour
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals and Their Metabolites in Digested Sludge, Compost and Soil Samples
2.2. Sorption Behaviour of Pharmaceuticals and Their Metabolites in Sludge-Amended Soil after Spiking
2.3. Phase Distribution of Pharmaceuticals and Their Metabolites in Different Solid Samples
2.3.1. Carbamazepine and Its Metabolites
2.3.2. Ibuprofen and Its Metabolites
2.3.3. Caffeine and Its Metabolite
2.3.4. Sulfamethoxazole and Its Metabolite
2.3.5. Solid–Liquid Partition Coefficients
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sewage Sludge and Soil
3.2. Batch Experiments
3.3. Analysis of the Pharmaceuticals and Metabolites
3.4. Solid–Water Partition Coefficients (Kd)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Compound | Digested Sludge | Compost | Soil | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean | RSD | Range | Mean | RSD | Range | Mean | RSD | |
CBZ | 6.7–9.3 | 7.77 | 1.36 | 1.4–2.8 | 2.17 | 0.71 | n.d. | - | - |
3-OH-CBZ | <MQL | - | - | <MQL-3.7 | 2.60 | 1.55 | n.d. | - | - |
10-OH-CBZ | 6.0–16 | 9.40 | 5.72 | n.d.-2.3 | 1.70 | 0.52 | n.d. | - | - |
EP-CBZ | n.d. | - | - | n.d. | - | - | n.d. | - | - |
IBU | <MQL-45 | 29.8 | 14.3 | <MQL | - | - | n.d. | - | - |
1-OH IBU | <MQL | - | - | n.d. | - | - | n.d. | - | - |
2-OH IBU | 34–64 | 47.3 | 15.3 | n.d. | - | - | n.d. | - | - |
CBX-IBU | 15–32 | 25.3 | 9.1 | n.d. | - | - | n.d. | - | - |
CAF | <MQL-115 | 50.1 | 19.8 | <MQL-36 | 18.1 | 12.1 | n.d. | - | - |
PX | <MQL | - | - | <MQL-17 | 12.7 | 5.90 | n.d. | - | - |
SMX | n.d. | - | - | n.d. | - | - | n.d. | - | - |
Ac-SMX | n.d. | - | - | n.d. | - | - | n.d. | - | - |
Compound | Physicochemical Properties | Literature log Kd Values | ||||||||||
pKa | Log Kow | Sludge | Soil | |||||||||
CBZ | 13.9 a | 2.5 b | −1.59 h–1.63 i | 0.22 j–1.11 i | ||||||||
3-OH-CBZ | 9.19 c | 2.41 d | -- o | 0.20–1.00 j | ||||||||
10-OH-CBZ | 12.8 d | 0.93 e | -- o | −0.85 j–−0.43 k | ||||||||
EP-CBZ | 16.0 d | 1.0 b | -- o | −0.40–0.00 j | ||||||||
IBU | 4.9 b | 4.0 b | 1.49 h | −0.20–0.10 l | ||||||||
1-OH-IBU | 4.55 f | 2.69 f | -- o | -- o | ||||||||
2-OH-IBU | 4.63 f | 2.37 f | -- o | -- o | ||||||||
CBX-IBU | 3.97 f | 2.78 f | -- o | -- o | ||||||||
CAF | 10.4 a | −0.1 b | 1.14 h | −0.39 m–1.39 i | ||||||||
PX | 8.5 a | −0.2 b | -- o | -- o | ||||||||
SMX | 5.7 b | 0.9 b | 1.39 h | 0.41–0.50 n | ||||||||
Ac-SMX | 5.54 g | 1.18 g | -- o | 0.00–0.12 n | ||||||||
Calculated log Kd Values | ||||||||||||
Compound | Sludge | Compost | Sludge:Soil | Compost:Soil | ||||||||
Mean | S | Mean | S | Mean | S | Mean | S | |||||
CBZ | 1.37 | ± | 0.11 | 1.67 | ± | 0.23 | 0.81 | ± | 0.13 | 1.12 | ± | 0.13 |
3-OH-CBZ | 1.49 | ± | 0.20 | 1.71 | ± | 0.34 | 0.90 | ± | 0.14 | 1.18 | ± | 0.18 |
10-OH-CBZ | 0.63 | ± | 0.09 | 0.74 | ± | 0.09 | 0.19 | ± | 0.16 | 0.38 | ± | 0.06 |
EP-CBZ | 0.88 | ± | 0.12 | 1.09 | ± | 0.21 | 0.19 | ± | 0.17 | 0.51 | ± | 0.12 |
IBU | 0.45 | ± | 0.07 | 0.74 | ± | 0.07 | 0.00 | ± | 0.19 | 0.12 | ± | 0.06 |
1-OH-IBU | 0.34 | ± | 0.13 | 0.22 | ± | 0.09 | −0.32 | ± | 0.22 | −0.08 | ± | 0.04 |
2-OH-IBU | 0.37 | ± | 0.12 | 0.20 | ± | 0.09 | −0.25 | ± | 0.16 | −0.02 | ± | 0.04 |
CBX-IBU | −1.50 | ± | 0.31 | −1.55 | ± | 0.12 | - p | - p | ||||
CAF | 1.60 | ± | 0.21 | 1.06 | ± | 0.15 | 0.74 | ± | 0.33 | 0.85 | ± | 0.06 |
PX | 0.91 | ± | 0.09 | 0.97 | ± | 0.11 | 0.81 | ± | 0.12 | 0.78 | ± | 0.07 |
SMX | 0.33 | ± | 0.07 | 0.60 | ± | 0.08 | −0.18 | ± | 0.19 | 0.06 | ± | 0.03 |
Ac-SMX | 0.27 | ± | 0.10 | 0.49 | ± | 0.08 | −0.53 | ± | 0.29 | −0.29 | ± | 0.07 |
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Martín, J.; Mejías, C.; Santos, J.L.; Aparicio, I.; Alonso, E. Pharmaceuticals and Their Main Metabolites in Treated Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Amended Soil: Availability and Sorption Behaviour. Molecules 2021, 26, 5910. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195910
Martín J, Mejías C, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Pharmaceuticals and Their Main Metabolites in Treated Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Amended Soil: Availability and Sorption Behaviour. Molecules. 2021; 26(19):5910. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195910
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín, Julia, Carmen Mejías, Juan Luis Santos, Irene Aparicio, and Esteban Alonso. 2021. "Pharmaceuticals and Their Main Metabolites in Treated Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Amended Soil: Availability and Sorption Behaviour" Molecules 26, no. 19: 5910. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195910