Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Iris Species Growing in Iraqi Kurdistan and Phenolic Constituents of the Traditional Plant Iris postii
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Literature Data about Iris germanica and Iris persica
2.1.1. Iris germanica
Isoflavonoids
Other Flavonoids
Miscellaneous Aromatic Compounds
Terpenoids
Steroids and Miscellaneous Compounds
2.1.2. Iris persica
2.2. Phytochemical Studies on Iris postii
3. Material and Methods
3.1. General Experimental Techniques and Procedures
3.2. Plant Material
3.3. Extraction of I. postii and Chromatographic Fractionation of Extracts
3.4. Spectroscopic Data of Isolated Compounds
3.5. Free Radical Scavenging Activity
3.6. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAOC—Ammonium Phosphomolybdate Assay)
3.7. Acid Hydrolysis of Compounds 112 and 114
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Compound | Bioactivity | Reference |
---|---|---|
Germanaism A (1) | Cytotoxic activity IC50 = 43.9 ± 1.5 μM (MTT); 4.5 ± 0.4 μM (ATP) | [34] |
Tectoridin (9) | Free-radical scavenger, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, oestrogenic, anti-alcohol injury, hepatoprotective effects | [48] |
Iridin (10) | Potent anti-inflammatory effects (induced paw edema test) | [24] |
Iridin A (11) | High antioxidant activity; α-amylase inhibitory activity | [38,40] |
Irisolidone 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (14) | CyP1A inhibitor; QR inhibitor; DPPH scavenger | |
Irilone (17) | Cytotoxic activity IC50 = 47.7 ± 3.5 μM (MTT), 17.7 ± 1.4 μM (ATP); potent anti-inflammatory effects (induced paw edema test): high antioxidant activity; α-amylase inhibitory activity; potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A activity (IC50 = 0.3 ± 0.1 μM); immunomodulatory activity; CyP1A inhibitor; moderate QR inhibitor; DPPH scavenger | [34] [24] [38,40] [42] [43] |
Irilone 4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (19) | Potent anti-inflammatory effects (induced paw edema test) | [24] |
8-Hydroxyirilone (21) | High antioxidant activity; α-amylase inhibitory activity | [38,40] |
8-Hydroxyirilone 5-methyl ether (22) | High antioxidant activity; α-amylase inhibitory activity | [38,40] |
Iriflogenin (23) | Potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A activity (IC50 = 1.4 ± 0.6 μM); CyP1A inhibitor; weak DPPH scavenger | [42] |
Irifloside (25) | Cytotoxic activity IC50 = 21.5 ± 4.4 μM (MTT); 19.4 ± 1.3 μM (ATP) | [34] |
Irisolone (nigricin) (28) | High anti-inflammatory activity | [14] |
Nigricanin (iriskashmirianin) (29) | CyP1A inhibitor; moderate QR inhibitor; weak DPPH scavenger | [42] |
Iriskashmirianin A (30) | Cytotoxic activity IC50 = 20.9 ± 2.7 μM (MTT); 4.3 ± 0.9 μM (ATP) | [34] |
5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(3′-hydroxy-4′,5′-dimethoxy)-8-methoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (33) | Significant anti-inflammatory activity | [14] |
Tectorigenin (35) | Antifungal, free radical scavenger, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, antiproliferative, antineoplastic, hypoglycaemic, oestrogenic, hepatoprotectiv, antithrombotic, cardiovascular, anti-alcohol injury activities; in patented pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of hormone-related diseases | [48,49] |
Irigenin (37) | Potent anti-inflammatory effects (induced paw edema test and inhibition against superoxide); α-amylase inhibitory activity; potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A activity (IC50 = 1.2 ± 0.3 μM); CyP1A inhibitor; moderate QR inhibitor, DPPH scavenger | [14,24] [38,40] [42] |
Irigenin S (38) | Potent anti-inflammatory effects (induced paw edema test) | [24] |
Irisolidone (42) | Potent anti-inflammatory effects (induced paw edema test); α-amylase inhibitory activity; immunomodulatory activity; CyP1A inhibitor; QR inhibitor; DPPH scavenger; antiproliferative activity against amelanotic melanoma and large lung carcinoma cells; antioxidant properties | [24] [38,40] [43] [50] [51] |
Iristectorigenin A (43) | Weak anti-inflammatory activity | [14] |
Isoflavone (44) | Moderate anti-inflammatory activity | [14] |
5,7,8-Trihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one (47) | Significant inhibition of TRAP in NF-kB ligand-induced osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells (66.67 ± 2.71%) | [47] |
6,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one (48) | Significant inhibition of TRAP in NF-kB ligand-induced osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells (57.32 ± 2.46%) | [47] |
Sample | DPPH Scavenging Activity | Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAOC) b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
EC50 (μg/mL) | EC50 (μM/L) | AAE a | ||
Androsin (66) | 48.94 ± 0.09 | 149.21 | 0.48 | - |
Isovitexin (109) | 50.97 ± 1.11 | 117.99 | 0.46 | - |
Swertisin (111) | 37.35 ± 0.13 | 83.74 | 0.63 | - |
2″-O-α-l-Rhamnosyl swertisin (112) | 26.52 ± 0.11 | 44.79 | 0.89 | - |
ε-Viniferin (113) | 26.06 ± 0.01 | 57.39 | 0.90 | - |
Trans-resveratrol 3,4′-O-di-β-d-glucopyranoside (114) | 22.91 ± 0.05 | 41.50 | 1.03 | - |
Isotectorigenin (115) | 34.87 ± 0.13 | 116.23 | 0.67 | - |
Ascorbic acid | 23.52 ± 0.22 | 133.63 | 1.00 | - |
IPA c | 19.21 ± 0.01 | - | 1.22 | 0.39 |
IPAD d | 62.79 ± 0.03 | - | 0.37 | 0.21 |
IPR e | 46.28 ± 0.12 | - | 0.51 | 0.29 |
IPRB f | 39.11 ± 0.10 | - | 0.60 | 0.46 |
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Amin, H.I.M.; Hussain, F.H.S.; Najmaldin, S.K.; Thu, Z.M.; Ibrahim, M.F.; Gilardoni, G.; Vidari, G. Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Iris Species Growing in Iraqi Kurdistan and Phenolic Constituents of the Traditional Plant Iris postii. Molecules 2021, 26, 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020264
Amin HIM, Hussain FHS, Najmaldin SK, Thu ZM, Ibrahim MF, Gilardoni G, Vidari G. Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Iris Species Growing in Iraqi Kurdistan and Phenolic Constituents of the Traditional Plant Iris postii. Molecules. 2021; 26(2):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020264
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmin, Hawraz Ibrahim M., Faiq H. S. Hussain, Soran K. Najmaldin, Zaw Min Thu, Mohammed Farhad Ibrahim, Gianluca Gilardoni, and Giovanni Vidari. 2021. "Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Iris Species Growing in Iraqi Kurdistan and Phenolic Constituents of the Traditional Plant Iris postii" Molecules 26, no. 2: 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020264