Androstenedione (a Natural Steroid and a Drug Supplement): A Comprehensive Review of Its Consumption, Metabolism, Health Effects, and Toxicity with Sex Differences
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Occurrence
2. Methods
3. Distribution in Nature
4. Androstenedione Distribution and Metabolism
4.1. Absorption and Distribution
4.2. Metabolism
4.2.1. Metabolism in Fungi
4.2.2. Metabolism in Humans and Non-Human Primates
4.2.3. Metabolism in Animals and Rodents
5. Hormonal Effects of Androstenedione AD (or 4A)
5.1. Hormonal Effects of AD in Males
5.2. Hormonal Effects of AD in Females
5.3. Hormonal Effects of AD in Children
5.4. Hormonal Effects in Female Rats
6. Receptors of Androstenedione
7. Androstenedione Doping
8. Androstenedione Toxicity
9. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Badawy, M.T.; Sobeh, M.; Xiao, J.; Farag, M.A. Androstenedione (a Natural Steroid and a Drug Supplement): A Comprehensive Review of Its Consumption, Metabolism, Health Effects, and Toxicity with Sex Differences. Molecules 2021, 26, 6210. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206210
Badawy MT, Sobeh M, Xiao J, Farag MA. Androstenedione (a Natural Steroid and a Drug Supplement): A Comprehensive Review of Its Consumption, Metabolism, Health Effects, and Toxicity with Sex Differences. Molecules. 2021; 26(20):6210. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206210
Chicago/Turabian StyleBadawy, Marwa T., Mansour Sobeh, Jianbo Xiao, and Mohamed A. Farag. 2021. "Androstenedione (a Natural Steroid and a Drug Supplement): A Comprehensive Review of Its Consumption, Metabolism, Health Effects, and Toxicity with Sex Differences" Molecules 26, no. 20: 6210. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206210