Analysis of Cyanogenic Compounds Derived from Mandelonitrile by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Rosaceae and Sambucus Families
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chromatographic Separation and Identification
2.2. Extraction Optimization
2.2.1. Preselection of Extraction Conditions
2.2.2. Optimization of the Extraction Condition by UAE
2.3. Validation Procedure
2.3.1. Precision, Accuracy, and Extract Stability
2.3.2. Calibration Curves, LD, and LQ
2.4. Cyanogenic Glycosides Contents in the Analyzed Samples
2.4.1. Rosacea
2.4.2. Sambucus nigra
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Material and Preparation of the Extracts
3.2. Reagents and Standards
3.3. Chromatographic Separation and Identification
3.4. Experimental Design and Extraction Optimization
3.5. UAE Conditions
3.6. Validation Procedure
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Run | Time (s) | Pulse (%) | Amplitude (%) | Amygdalin (Area/mg) | Sambunigrin (Area/mg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | −1 (20) | 0 (60) | −1 (20) | 21,640 | 27,098 |
2 | −1 (20) | 0 (60) | 1 (100) | 22,075 | 29,157 |
3 | 1 (60) | 0 (60) | −1 (20) | 21,495 | 27,692 |
4 | 1 (60) | 0 (60) | 1 (100) | 23,625 | 29,619 |
5 | 0 (40) | −1 (20) | −1 (20) | 20,551 | 28,134 |
6 | 0 (40) | −1 (20) | 1 (100) | 22,408 | 29,720 |
7 | 0 (40) | 1 (100) | −1 (20) | 22,193 | 29,577 |
8 | 0 (40) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 23,123, | 30,537 |
9 | −1 (10) | −1 (20) | 0 (60) | 21,025 | 29,194 |
10 | 1 (60) | −1 (20) | 0 (60) | 21,457 | 27,229 |
11 | −1 (20) | 1 (100) | 0 (60) | 22,909 | 28,600 |
12 | 1 (60) | 1 (100) | 0 (60) | 23,246 | 30,188 |
13 | 0 (40) | 0 (60) | 0 (60) | 23,138 | 29,981 |
14 | 0 (40) | 0 (60) | 0 (60) | 23,770 | 29,791 |
15 | 0 (40) | 0 (60) | 0 (60) | 23,549 | 29,505 |
16 | 0 (40) | 0 (60) | 0 (60) | 23,040 | 30,088 |
17 | 0 (40) | 0 (60) | 0 (60) | 22,723 | 30,575 |
Amygdalin | Sambunigrin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model | *** | *** | ||
Intercept | 23,244.29 | 29,970.60 | ||
A-Time | 668.91 | *** | 816.43 | *** |
B-Pulse | 271.72 | n.s. | 84.87 | n.s. |
C-Amplitude | 753.95 | *** | 578.12 | *** |
AB | 423.64 | * | - | - |
BC | - | - | 888.15 | *** |
A2 | −562.82 | * | −455.76 | * |
B2 | −472.28 | * | −1145.16 | *** |
C2 | −612.19 | ** | ||
Lack of Fit | n.s. | n.s. | ||
R-Squared | 0.921 | 0.935 | ||
Adjusted R2 | 0.859 | 0.895 | ||
Predicted R2 | 0.773 | 0.805 | ||
RSD | 1.61 | 1.21 |
Amygdalin (Area/mg) | Sambunigrin (Area/mg) | |
---|---|---|
Prediction | 23,770 | 30,664 |
95% CI low | 23,376 | 30,299 |
95% CI high | 24,165 | 31,028 |
95% PI low | 22,860 | 29,494 |
95% PI high | 24,681 | 31,533 |
Operator 1 (n = 3) | 23,193 | 31,185 |
Repeatability, r (RSD) | 1.0 | 4.1 |
Operator 2 (n = 3) | 23,062 | 30,205 |
Repeatability, r (RSD) | 2.0 | 1.9 |
Reproducibility, R (RSD) | 0.4 | 2.3 |
Compound | Calibration Curve | Instrumental | Method | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linear Range (mg/L) | Slope | Intercept | Correlation Coefficient | LOD (10−3 mg/L) | LOQ (10−3 mg/L) | LOD (10−3 mg/g) | LOQ (10−3 mg/g) | |
Amygdalin (n = 11) | 0.24–480 | 16224 | −8999 | 0.9999 | 6.5 | 21.7 | 0.7 | 2.2 |
Prunasin (n = 11) | 0.19–296 | 20007 | −7906 | 0.9999 | 16.1 | 55.7 | 1.6 | 5.6 |
Sambunigrin (n = 10) | 0.20–390 | 22257 | −2506 | 0.9998 | 28.8 | 96.0 | 2.9 | 9.6 |
Amygdalin | Prunasin | Sambunigrin | |
---|---|---|---|
Rosaceae Kernels | |||
Cherry-1 (P. avium) | 12.6 | 1.8 | n.d. |
Cherry-2 (P. avium) | 11.8 | 2.2 | n.d. |
Cherry cv picota (P. avium) | 8.2 | 1.1 | n.d. |
Apricot (P. armeniaca) | 45.0 | 1.5 | n.d. |
Peach (P. persica) | 43.3 | 0.6 | n.d. |
Flat peach (P. persica var. platycarpa) | 23.7 | 2.0 | n.d. |
Nectarine (P. persica var. nucipersica) | 32.7 | 1.3 | n.d. |
Plum cv Reina Claudia verde (P. domestica) | 57.3 | 0.9 | n.d. |
Prune kernel (P. domestica) | 3.6 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
Apple seed | |||
Golden delicious | 13.6 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
Durona de Tresali | 14.9 | 0.3 | n.d. |
Seed from apple pomace-1 | 13.4 | 0.3 | n.d. |
Seed from apple pomace-2 | 13.8 | 0.3 | n.d. |
Seed from apple pomace-3 | 15.0 | 0.5 | n.d. |
Seed from apple pomace-4 | 18.6 | 0.8 | n.d. |
Seed from apple pomace-5 | 16.4 | 1.1 | n.d. |
Apple pomace flour | |||
Apple pomace-1 | 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. |
Apple pomace-2 | 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. |
Sambucus nigra | |||
Young leaf | 0.2 | 0.4 | 16.2 |
Old leaf | 0.1 | 0.8 | 20.7 |
Flower-1 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.6 |
Flower-2 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.4 |
Flower bud | n.d. | n.d. | 0.3 |
Stalk | n.d. | n.d. | 1.7 |
Fruit-1 (elderberry) | n.d. | n.d. | 0.4 |
Fruit-2 (elderberry) | n.d. | n.d. | 0.3 |
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Rodríguez Madrera, R.; Suárez Valles, B. Analysis of Cyanogenic Compounds Derived from Mandelonitrile by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Rosaceae and Sambucus Families. Molecules 2021, 26, 7563. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247563
Rodríguez Madrera R, Suárez Valles B. Analysis of Cyanogenic Compounds Derived from Mandelonitrile by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Rosaceae and Sambucus Families. Molecules. 2021; 26(24):7563. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247563
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez Madrera, Roberto, and Belén Suárez Valles. 2021. "Analysis of Cyanogenic Compounds Derived from Mandelonitrile by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Rosaceae and Sambucus Families" Molecules 26, no. 24: 7563. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247563