Clinoptilolite Microparticles as Carriers of Catechin-Rich Acacia catechu Extracts: Microencapsulation and In Vitro Release Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. CLS-5 Characterisation
2.2. UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Analyses
2.3. FTIR Analyses
2.4. Catechin Encapsulation Study
2.5. Thermodynamics Analyses
2.6. In Vitro Release Kinetics
2.7. Catechin–Clinoptilolite Interactions
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Surface Chemistry Characterisation of Alkalised Clinoptilolite
3.3. UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
3.4. Microencapsulation Studies
3.5. In Vitro Release Studies
3.6. Mathematical Modeling: Statistical and Error Function Analyses
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Model | Model Parameters | Error Functions |
---|---|---|
Two-parameter models | ||
Langmuir | qm = 0.970 KL = 0.069 ΔGo = −6.735 | R2 = 0.975 SSE = 0.015 MSE = 0.004 RMSE = 0.061 |
Freundlich | KF = 0.332 nF = 0.2 ΔGo = −2.778 | R2 = 0.982 SSE = 0.011 MSE = 0.002 RMSE = 0.047 |
Flory-Huggins ΔGo = RT ln (KFH) | nFH = 0.2478 KFH = 0.5294 ΔGo = −1.6022 | R2 = 0.9668 SSE = 0.018 MSE = 0.006 RMSE = 0.063 |
Fowler-Guggenheim | KFG = 0.9535 W = 8.96 ΔGo = −0.120 | R2 = 0.9258 SSE = 0.025 MSE = 0.011 RMSE = 0.075 |
Three-parameter models | ||
Multilayer isotherm | Qm = 0.687 K1 = 0.844 K2 = 0.842 ΔGo = −0.427 | R2 = 0.9893 SSE = 0.008 MSE = 0.003 RMSE = 0.053 |
Temkin | b = 14.0577 K1 = 0.1792 K2 = 1.0788 ΔGo = −4.331 | R2 = 0.977 SSE = 0.014 MSE = 0.004 RMSE = 0.060 |
Kinetics Release Model | Model Parameters Values | Error Functions | Parameters Designation |
---|---|---|---|
Zero-Order | k0 = 0.692 | R2 = 0.982 SSE = 5.863 MSE = 0.733 RMSE = 0.856 | ko—zero-order rate constant |
First-Order | C0 = 1.652 k = –0.108 | R2 = 0.872 SSE = 0.202 MSE = 0.029 RMSE = 0.170 | k—first-order rate constant C0—initial sorbate concentration, mg/mL |
Higuchi | kH = 2.889 | R2 = 0.978 SSE = 24.211 MSE = 3.459 RMSE = 1.860 | kH—Higuchi rate constant |
Korsmeyer-Peppas | at Ct/C0 < 0.6 n = 0.83 kKP = 0.047 | R2 = 0.987 SSE = 0.006 MSE = 0.001 RMSE = 0.028 | n—Korsmeyer-Peppas exponent kKP—Korsmeyer-Peppas exponent |
Weibull | at b = 0.2 Cmod = 0.189 a = 0.466 t = 1.639 at b = 1 Cmod = 1.390 a = 0.026 t = 0.174 | R2 = 0.981 SSE = 0.010 MSE = 0.002 RMSE = 0.041 R2 = 0.989 SSE = 0.005 MSE = 0.001 RMSE = 0.029 | t—a location parameter denoting the lag time before the onset of the drug release procedure b—a shape parameter: β > 1—sigmoidal form, β < 1—parabolic graph a—Weibull model parameter Cmod—model concentration |
Sigmoidal Function Model | ks1 = −9.403 × 10−5 ks2 = 2.199 × 10−2 ns1 = 2.6 ns2 = 1.2 | R2 = 0.990 SSE = 0.006 MSE = 0.001 RMSE = 0.032 | ks1, ks2—rate constants in the sigmoidal release model ns1, ns2—sigmoidal model exponents |
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Yaneva, Z.; Ivanova, D.; Popov, N. Clinoptilolite Microparticles as Carriers of Catechin-Rich Acacia catechu Extracts: Microencapsulation and In Vitro Release Study. Molecules 2021, 26, 1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061655
Yaneva Z, Ivanova D, Popov N. Clinoptilolite Microparticles as Carriers of Catechin-Rich Acacia catechu Extracts: Microencapsulation and In Vitro Release Study. Molecules. 2021; 26(6):1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061655
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaneva, Zvezdelina, Donika Ivanova, and Nikolay Popov. 2021. "Clinoptilolite Microparticles as Carriers of Catechin-Rich Acacia catechu Extracts: Microencapsulation and In Vitro Release Study" Molecules 26, no. 6: 1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061655