Biological Effects of β-Glucans on Osteoclastogenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Immunoreceptor-Mediated Regulation of Ostetoclastogenesis
3. β-Glucan Receptors in Osteoclasts
4. Biological Effect of β-Glucans on Bone
4.1. Inhibitory Effects of β-Glucans on Osteoclast Differentiation In Vitro
β-Glucan | Cell | Receptor | Effect | Molecular Mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Curdlan | BMCs RAW264.7 | Dectin-1 | Direct | Suppression of NFATc1 activation by down-regulation of Syk signaling | [45] |
Curdlan | BMCs | Dectin-1 | Direct | Suppression of NFATc1 activation by stimulation of MafB induced by IL-33 | [69] |
β-glucan from baker’s yeast | BMCs RAW264.7 | Dectin-1 | Direct | Suppression of NFATc1 activation by down-regulation of NF-κB and c-fos, stimulation of Irf-8, and induction of autophagy and ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated Syk protein degradation | [70] |
Zymosan | BMCs | TLRs | Direct | Unknown | [71,72] |
Curdlan (low MW) | BMCs cultured with osteoblasts | TLR2 TLR6 | Indirect | Suppression of RANKL expression on osteoblasts | [74] |
4.2. Inhibitory Effects of β-Glucans on Bone Resorption In Vivo
4.3. Effects of β-Glucans on Bone Regeneration and Bone Metabolism
4.4. Catabolic Effects of β-Glucans on Bone and Cartilage Tissue
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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β-Glucan | Cell | Structure |
---|---|---|
Curdlan | Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes | Linear chain of β-d-(1-3)-glucopyranosyl units |
Laminarin | Laminaria sp. | Linear chain of β-d-(1-3)-glucopyranosyl units with some 6-O-branching in the main chain and some β-(1,6)-intrachain links |
Lichenan | Cetraria islandica | Linear chains of β-d-glucopyranosyl units linked via (1,3) and (1,4) linkage |
Glucan from baker’s yeast | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Linear chain of β-d-(1-3)-glucopyranosyl units |
β-1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis | Euglena gracilis | Linear chain of β-d-(1-3)-glucopyranosyl units |
Glucan from black yeast | Aureobasidium pullulans | Backbone of β-d-(1-3)-glucopyranosyl units with one β-d-(1-6)-branching unit every three residues |
β-d-glucan from barley | Hordeum vulgare L. | Linear chains of β-d-glucopyranosyl units linked via (1,3) and (1,4) linkage |
β-Glucan | Organism | Analysis | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Polycan | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Methylene blue assay Detection of IL-1β and TNF-α Measurement of MPO activity MDA measurement iNos activity measurement Histopathology and histomorphology | Inhibited ligature-induced periodontitis and related alveolar bone loss via an antioxidant effect. | [75] |
Polycan | Male SD (Crl:CD1) rats | Measurement of alveolar bone loss Microbiological analysis Measurement of MPO activity Detection of IL-1β and TNF-α MDA measurement iNos activity measurement Histopathology | Inhibited ligature-induced experimental periodontitis and related alveolar bone loss mediated by antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative activities. | [76] |
Polycan | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | Detection of serum levels of osteocalcin, bALP, calcium and phosphorus Detection of urinary levels of deoxypyridinoline and creatinine Measurement of BMC, BMD and FL Histology and histomorphometry | Preserved bone mass and strength, and increased the rate of bone formation in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis model. | [77] |
β-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans | Female ICR mice | Measurement of BMD, bone weight, and FL Detection of serum levels of osteocalcin and bALP Measurement of femur mineral contents Histopathology | Mixture of extracellular polymeric substances isolated from A pullulans and Textoria morbifera Nakai inhibited the ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic symptoms. | [78] |
β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Male Wistar rats | Detection of β-cell function Detection of serum levels of TNF-α and IL-10 Measurement of alveolar bone loss Histometric analysis | Inhibited the systemic inflammatory profile, prevented alveolar bone loss, and improved β-cell function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic model with periodontitis. | [79] |
β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Male Wistar rats | Measurement of blood glucose RT-PCR for COX-2, RANKL and OPG Morphometric analysis for alveolar bone loss | Reduced blood glucose levels and attenuated alveolar bone loss in streptozotocin-induced diabetes model with periodontitis. | [80] |
Soluble β-1,3/1,6-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Male Wistar rats | Radiographic examination Measurement of corticosterone Detection of serum levels of IL-10, TGF-β1 and TNF-α | Inhibited ligature-induced periodontal bone loss. | [81] |
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Ariyoshi, W.; Hara, S.; Koga, A.; Nagai-Yoshioka, Y.; Yamasaki, R. Biological Effects of β-Glucans on Osteoclastogenesis. Molecules 2021, 26, 1982. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071982
Ariyoshi W, Hara S, Koga A, Nagai-Yoshioka Y, Yamasaki R. Biological Effects of β-Glucans on Osteoclastogenesis. Molecules. 2021; 26(7):1982. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071982
Chicago/Turabian StyleAriyoshi, Wataru, Shiika Hara, Ayaka Koga, Yoshie Nagai-Yoshioka, and Ryota Yamasaki. 2021. "Biological Effects of β-Glucans on Osteoclastogenesis" Molecules 26, no. 7: 1982. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071982