Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Flowers, and the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of the Extract
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Bacterial Strains
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Measurement of Total Flavonoids Content
2.4. Optimization of Extraction of TFs from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Flowers
2.4.1. Single-Factor Experiments
2.4.2. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Design
2.5. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
2.5.1. Assay of DPPH• Radical Scavenging Activity
2.5.2. Assay of ABTS•+ Radical Scavenging Activity
2.6. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Single-Factor Experiments
3.1.1. Effect of Ethanol Concentration on the TFs’ Yield
3.1.2. Effect of Extraction Temperature on the TFs’ Yield
3.1.3. Effect of Solid–Liquid Ratio on the TFs’ Yield
3.1.4. Effect of Extraction Time on the TFs’ Yield
3.2. Optimization of Extraction Process by RSM
3.2.1. Model Fitting and Statistical Analysis
+ 0.053BC − 0.098BD + 0.007CD − 0.16A2 − 0.18B2 − 0.17C2 − 0.19D2
3.2.2. Analysis of Interaction between Factors
3.2.3. Validation of the Predictive Model
3.3. Antioxidant Activity
3.3.1. DPPH• Radical Scavenging Capacity
3.3.2. ABTS•+ Radical Scavenging Capacity
3.4. Antibacterial Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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NO. | A Temperature (°C) | B Ethanol Concentration (%) | C Solid–Liquid Ratio (g/mL) | D Time (h) | Yield (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 50 (−1) | 90 (+1) | 1:30 (0) | 1.5 (0) | 3.364 |
2 | 90 (+1) | 70 (0) | 1:10 (−1) | 1.5 (0) | 3.575 |
3 | 50 (−1) | 50 (−1) | 1:30 (0) | 1.5 (0) | 3.165 |
4 | 50 (−1) | 70 (0) | 1:30 (0) | 0.5 (−1) | 3.294 |
5 | 50 (−1) | 70 (0) | 1:50 (+1) | 1.5 (0) | 3.364 |
6 | 70 (0) | 50 (−1) | 1:30 (0) | 0.5 (−1) | 3.188 |
7 | 90 (+1) | 70 (0) | 1:30 (0) | 2.5 (+1) | 3.634 |
8 | 70 (0) | 70 (0) | 1:10 (−1) | 0.5 (−1) | 3.669 |
9 | 50(−1) | 70 (0) | 1:30 (0) | 2.5 (+1) | 3.141 |
10 | 70 (0) | 70 (0) | 1:50 (+1) | 0.5 (−1) | 3.786 |
11 | 70 (0) | 90 (+1) | 1:10 (−1) | 1.5 (0) | 3.610 |
12 | 70 (0) | 50 (−1) | 1:30 (0) | 2.5 (+1) | 3.294 |
13 | 70 (0) | 70 (0) | 1:30 (0) | 1.5 (0) | 3.692 |
14 | 70 (0) | 90 (+1) | 1:30 (0) | 2.5 (+1) | 3.681 |
15 | 70 (0) | 70 (0) | 1:30 (0) | 1.5 (0) | 3.939 |
16 | 70 (0) | 90 (+1) | 1:30 (0) | 0.5 (−1) | 3.904 |
17 | 70 (0) | 70 (0) | 1:10 (−1) | 2.5 (+1) | 3.294 |
18 | 90 (+1) | 50 (−1) | 1:30 (0) | 1.5 (0) | 3.786 |
19 | 90 (+1) | 70 (0) | 1:30 (0) | 0.5 (−1) | 3.986 |
20 | 70 (0) | 70 (0) | 1:30 (0) | 1.5 (0) | 3.786 |
21 | 90 (+1) | 70 (0) | 1:50 (+1) | 1.5 (0) | 3.951 |
22 | 70 (0) | 70 (0) | 1:30 (0) | 1.5 (0) | 4.068 |
23 | 70 (0) | 70 (0) | 1:30 (0) | 1.5 (0) | 3.904 |
24 | 90 (+1) | 90 (+1) | 1:30 (0) | 1.5 (0) | 3.927 |
25 | 50 (−1) | 70 (0) | 1:10 (−1) | 1.5 (0) | 3.235 |
26 | 70 (0) | 90 (+1) | 1:50 (+1) | 1.5 (0) | 3.868 |
27 | 70 (0) | 50 (−1) | 1:10 (−1) | 1.5 (0) | 3.270 |
28 | 70 (0) | 50 (−1) | 1:50 (+1) | 1.5 (0) | 3.317 |
29 | 70 (0) | 70 (0) | 1:50 (+1) | 2.5 (+1) | 3.493 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 2.18 | 14 | 0.16 | 10.09 | < 0.0001 | *** |
A | 0.91 | 1 | 0.91 | 58.68 | < 0.0001 | *** |
B | 0.43 | 1 | 0.43 | 27.86 | 0.0001 | *** |
C | 0.096 | 1 | 0.096 | 6.21 | 0.0259 | * |
D | 0.16 | 1 | 0.16 | 10.69 | 0.0056 | ** |
AB | 0.000841 | 1 | 0.00084 | 1.055 | 0.8188 | |
AC | 0.015 | 1 | 0.015 | 0.99 | 0.3370 | |
AD | 0.0099 | 1 | 0.0099 | 0.64 | 0.4365 | |
BC | 0.011 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.72 | 0.4100 | |
BD | 0.000841 | 1 | 0.00084 | 1.055 | 0.8188 | |
CD | 0.001964 | 1 | 0.00196 | 0.013 | 0.9119 | |
A2 | 0.18 | 1 | 0.18 | 11.37 | 0.0046 | ** |
B2 | 0.21 | 1 | 0.21 | 13.37 | 0.0026 | ** |
C2 | 0.19 | 1 | 0.19 | 12.14 | 0.0036 | ** |
D2 | 0.23 | 1 | 0.23 | 14.60 | 0.0019 | ** |
Residual | 0.22 | 14 | 0.015 | |||
Lack of fit | 0.13 | 10 | 0.013 | 0.63 | 0.7454 | |
Pure error | 0.084 | 4 | 0.021 | |||
Cor total | 2.40 | 28 | ||||
R2 = 0.9809 | ||||||
R2Adj = 0.9712 |
Indicators | Antioxidants | R2 of Linear Fit | EC50 (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|
DPPH• | TFs | 0.984 | 10.69 |
Rutin | 0.992 | 49.20 | |
Vc | 0.986 | 3.82 | |
ABTS•+ | TFs | 0.988 | 14.23 |
Rutin | 0.991 | 46.17 | |
Vc | 0.984 | 1.59 |
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Zhang, H.; Wang, X.; He, D.; Zou, D.; Zhao, R.; Wang, H.; Li, S.; Xu, Y.; Abudureheman, B. Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Flowers, and the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of the Extract. Molecules 2022, 27, 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010113
Zhang H, Wang X, He D, Zou D, Zhao R, Wang H, Li S, Xu Y, Abudureheman B. Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Flowers, and the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of the Extract. Molecules. 2022; 27(1):113. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010113
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Henghui, Xiaoli Wang, Dongliang He, Dongliang Zou, Runzhu Zhao, Huifang Wang, Shuying Li, Yongping Xu, and Buhailiqiemu Abudureheman. 2022. "Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Flowers, and the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of the Extract" Molecules 27, no. 1: 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010113