Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Jujube Cores by Fractional Purification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Composition and Purification
2.2. FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis
Band Range (cm−1) | Changes in Functional Components | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G-JC | D-JC | B-JC | CNCs | ||
3408 | 3325 | 3410 | 3400 | Stretch vibration of O–H group in the cellulose molecule | [35,37,38] |
2927 | 2921 | 2897 | 2901 | Stretch vibration of C–H group in the cellulose molecule and asymmetry stretch vibration of CNCs | [5,35,36,39] |
1739 | - | - | - | Stretch vibration in the CC-’s in-plane of the aromatic ring in lignin, and the C=O vibration in the carboxylic acid bond of lignin or the carbonyl group in the ester group in hemicellulose | [33,34,35,39] |
1624 | 1649 | 1632 | 1642 | O–H bending vibrations of strong interaction between cellulose and water | [35,39,41] |
1510 | 1510 | - | - | C=C vibration of lignin | [5,36,39] |
1425 | 1427 | 1432 | 1432 | C–H vibrations in cellulose | [39,41] |
1246 | 1246 | - | - | C–O–C stretching vibration of acetyl linkage in lignin, hemicelluloses | [5,36,39] |
1163 | 1165 | 1162 | 1160 | C–O–C stretching vibration of β-glycosidic linkages between glucose units in cellulose | [38,39,42] |
1047 | 1028 | 1030 | 1030 | C–O–C pyranose ring in cellulose | [5,39,41] |
897 | 895 | 897 | 897 | C–H swing in the β-glycosidic linkages of glucose ring | [5,35,39,40] |
665 | 660 | 667 | 667 |
2.3. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
2.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.5. Morphological Analysis
2.6. Particle Size and Zeta (ζ) Potential Measurements
2.7. Water Contact Angle (WCA)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Raw Materials
4.2. Fractionation and Purification of Cellulose from Jujube Cores
4.3. Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals
4.4. Characterizations
4.4.1. Chemical Composition
4.4.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Analysis
4.4.3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
4.4.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
4.4.5. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM)
4.4.6. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
4.4.7. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
4.4.8. Particle Size and Zeta Potential Measurements
4.4.9. Water Contact Angle (WCA)
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Step 1 (Evaporation of Water) | Step 2 (Degradation of Cellulose Chain) | Step 3 (Degradation of Carbonic Residue) | Char Yield (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TOn (°C) | Tmax (°C) | WL (%) | TOn (°C) | Tmax (°C) | WL (%) | TOn (°C) | Tmax (°C) | WL (%) | ||
G-JC | 30 | 79 | 8.13 | 222 | 298 | 30.91 | 330 | 360 | 40.34 | 20.61 |
D-JC | 30 | 80 | 8.48 | 221 | 328 | 62.25 | 352 | - | - | 29.27 |
B-JC | 30 | 80 | 7.56 | 213 | 333 | 70.67 | 359 | - | - | 21.76 |
CNCs | 30 | 72 | 8.03 | 209 | 275 | 72.84 | 365 | - | - | 18.28 |
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Wang, X.; Le, H.; Guo, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Deng, X.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L. Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Jujube Cores by Fractional Purification. Molecules 2022, 27, 3236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103236
Wang X, Le H, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Deng X, Zhang J, Zhang L. Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Jujube Cores by Fractional Purification. Molecules. 2022; 27(10):3236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103236
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiaorui, Hao Le, Yanmei Guo, Yunfeng Zhao, Xiaorong Deng, Jian Zhang, and Lianfu Zhang. 2022. "Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Jujube Cores by Fractional Purification" Molecules 27, no. 10: 3236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103236