Effect of an Electromagnetic Field on Anaerobic Digestion: Comparing an Electromagnetic System (ES), a Microbial Electrolysis System (MEC), and a Control with No External Force
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Cumulative Biogas Production and Methane Composition
2.2. Kinetic Study
2.3. Electrochemical Efficiencies
2.4. Process Stability Indicator
2.5. Influence of the Electromagnetic Field on Decontamination
2.6. Economic and Energetic Viability of the Processes
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Equipment and Operation
3.2. Analytical Parameters and Calculations
3.3. Statistical Test
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Digester Type | Content of CH4 (%) | Yield (mL CH4/g CODremoved) | Yield (mL/g VSfed) |
---|---|---|---|
ES | 79.0 | 199.3 | 330.9 |
MEC | 86.0 | 292.6 | 404.4 |
Control | 38.1 | 95.3 | 169.1 |
Digester Type | Magnetic Field (mT) | CH4 (%) |
---|---|---|
MEC | 4.10 | 86.0 |
ES | 6.24 | 79.0 |
Control | 0.01 | 38.1 |
Digester Type | Coulombic Efficiency (%) | pH |
---|---|---|
Control | 7.5 | 7.6 |
ES | 95.3 | 7.5 |
MEC | 110.4 | 7.1 |
Type | Unit | MEC | ES | Control |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy content of CH4 | m3/h | 0.00362 | 0.00296 | 0.00017 |
Energy generated (EG) | kWh | 0.00289 | 0.00237 | 0.00035 |
Energy utilized by the water bath (EB) | kWh | 0.00053 | 0.00059 | 0.00014 |
Energy used by the system with an external power supply (EE) | kW/h | 0.00001 | 0.00008 | 0.00000 |
Total energy (ET) | kWh | 0.00235 | 0.00177 | 0.00021 |
Net energy profit per day (3.22 ZAR/kWh) | ZAR/kWh | 0.00757 | 0.00570 | 0.00068 |
Net energy profit per day (0.23 USD/kWh) | USD/kWh | 0.00054 | 0.00041 | 0.00005 |
Net energy profit per year | ZAR/kWh | 327.0 | 246.3 | 29.20 |
Net energy profit per year | USD/kWh | 23.36 | 17.72 | 2.102 |
Parameters | Unit | Sewage | Waste-Activated Sludge |
---|---|---|---|
pH | - | 7.0 ± 0.96 | 6.8 ± 0.55 |
Density | kg/m3 | 1094 ± 25.02 | 1022 ± 20.21 |
NH3-N | mg/L | 41.02 ± 1.89 | 30.01 ± 2.01 |
TOC | mg/L | 3637.45 ± 46.98 | 1774.23 ± 39.87 |
Phosphate | mg/L | 11.97 ± 0.12 | 8.63 ± 0.15 |
VS | mg/L | 45.53 ± 1.31 | 30.55 ± 1.71 |
TS | mg/L | 52.33 ± 5.04 | 39.47 ± 4.10 |
COD | mg/L | 4501.54 ± 220 | 1020 ± 78.1 |
Color | Pt.Co | 435.02 ± 4.23 | 122.01 ± 2.43 |
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Madondo, N.I.; Kweinor Tetteh, E.; Rathilal, S.; Bakare, B.F. Effect of an Electromagnetic Field on Anaerobic Digestion: Comparing an Electromagnetic System (ES), a Microbial Electrolysis System (MEC), and a Control with No External Force. Molecules 2022, 27, 3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113372
Madondo NI, Kweinor Tetteh E, Rathilal S, Bakare BF. Effect of an Electromagnetic Field on Anaerobic Digestion: Comparing an Electromagnetic System (ES), a Microbial Electrolysis System (MEC), and a Control with No External Force. Molecules. 2022; 27(11):3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113372
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadondo, Nhlanganiso Ivan, Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh, Sudesh Rathilal, and Babatunde Femi Bakare. 2022. "Effect of an Electromagnetic Field on Anaerobic Digestion: Comparing an Electromagnetic System (ES), a Microbial Electrolysis System (MEC), and a Control with No External Force" Molecules 27, no. 11: 3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113372