Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Selected Waterborne Bacterial and Yeast Pathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Urea-Based Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
2.2. Characterization of the Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
2.2.1. UV–Visible Spectroscopy
2.2.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.2.4. X-ray Diffraction
2.2.5. Transmission Electron Microscopy
2.3. Antimicrobial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles
2.3.1. Agar Well Diffusion Technique
2.3.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Assay
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Synthesis of ZnO NPs
3.2. Characterization of the Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles
3.3. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microorganisms | Agar Well Diffusion Method | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO NPs (mm) | Antibiotic (Neomycin/Amphotericin B) (mm) | ||||
1:1 | 1:2 | 1:4 | 2:1 | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 10 |
Escherichia coli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Salmonella enterica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Shigella sonnei | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
Candida albicans | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (Positive control measurement) |
Microorganisms | Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO NPs | Antibiotic (Neomycin/Amphotericin B) | ||||
1:1 | 1:2 | 1:4 | 2:1 | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | 6.25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 3.125 |
Escherichia coli | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 1.5623 |
Salmonella enterica | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25 | 1.5623 |
Shigella sonnei | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 1.5623 |
Candida albicans | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 3.125 |
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Klink, M.J.; Laloo, N.; Leudjo Taka, A.; Pakade, V.E.; Monapathi, M.E.; Modise, J.S. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Selected Waterborne Bacterial and Yeast Pathogens. Molecules 2022, 27, 3532. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113532
Klink MJ, Laloo N, Leudjo Taka A, Pakade VE, Monapathi ME, Modise JS. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Selected Waterborne Bacterial and Yeast Pathogens. Molecules. 2022; 27(11):3532. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113532
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlink, Michael John, Neelan Laloo, Anny Leudjo Taka, Vusumzi Emmanuel Pakade, Mzimkhulu Ephraim Monapathi, and Johannes Sekomeng Modise. 2022. "Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Selected Waterborne Bacterial and Yeast Pathogens" Molecules 27, no. 11: 3532. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113532