Stability, Morphology, and Effects of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenol Inclusion Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Confirmation of Inclusion Complexation Using Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS)
2.2. Encapsulation Yield and Efficiency
2.3. Surface Morphology
2.4. Thermal Stability
2.5. Storage Stability
2.6. Antioxidant Activity–Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC)
2.7. Antioxidant Activity–Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs)
2.8. Antioxidant Activity–Dichlorofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH-DA)
2.9. Cytotoxicity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Preparation of Inclusion Complexes
3.2. Confirmation of Inclusion Complexation Using Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
3.3. Encapsulation Yield and Efficiency
3.4. Morphological Characterization of the Inclusion Complexes
3.5. Thermal and Storage Stability of the Inclusion Complexes with Respect to the Antioxidant Retention
Antioxidant Determination
3.6. In Vitro Digestion of the Inclusion Complexes
3.6.1. Simple In Vitro Digestion
3.6.2. Complex In Vitro Digestion
3.7. Antioxidant Properties
3.7.1. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay
3.7.2. Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs) Assay
3.7.3. Dichlorofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH–DA) Assay
3.7.4. Cytotoxicity Assay
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Compound (MW (g/mol)) | Q1 Parent Ion (m/z) | Q3 Product Ion (m/z) | DP (V) | CE (eV) | CXP (V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAT (290.27) | 291.4 | 139.1 | 65 | 25 | 10 |
123.1 | 65 | 25 | 10 | ||
GA (170.12) | 169.1 | 125.1 | −30 | −21 | −8 |
79.1 | −30 | −33 | −13 | ||
EGCG (458.37) | 459.5 | 289.4 | 54 | 12 | 10 |
139.3 | 54 | 35 | 10 | ||
EGCG (458.37) | 457.5 | 169.1 | −51 | −61 | −10 |
125.1 | −51 | −25 | −10 | ||
βCD (1134.98) | 1136.2 | 325.4 | 63 | 41 | 18 |
487.5 | 63 | 31 | 10 | ||
βCD (1134.98) | 1134.4 | 1014.4 | −180 | −62.5 | −14 |
852.3 | −180 | −62.5 | −10 | ||
CAT + βCD (1425.25) | 1424.5 | 1134.4 | −70 | −55 | −10 |
289.1 | −70 | −70 | −10 | ||
GA + βCD (1305.10) | 1304.5 | 169.1 | −65 | −82 | −10 −10 −10 |
1134.5 | −65 | −28 | |||
1219.4 | −65 | −52 | |||
EGCG + βCD (1593.35) | 1594.5 | 325.1 | 62 | 65 | 10 |
487.0 | 62 | 55 | 10 | ||
289.1 | 62 | 80 | 10 |
Inclusion Complexes | Encapsulation Yield (%) | Encapsulation Efficiency (%) |
---|---|---|
CAT+βCD | 91.27 ± 2.90 a | 96.62 ± 0.61 cd |
GA+βCD | 93.36 ± 5.45 a | 95.65 ± 1.34 d |
EGCG+βCD | 92.49 ± 3.25 a | 98.16 ± 0.56 cd |
CAT/GA+βCD | 98.96 ± 8.89 a | 98.99 ± 1.63 bc |
CAT/EGCG+βCD | 93.37 ± 5.84 a | 101.48 ± 1.41 b |
GA/EGCG+βCD | 98.75 ± 7.41 a | 99.23 ± 0.66b c |
CAT/GA/EGCG+βCD | 94.45 ± 3.05 a | 104.42 ± 0.78 a |
Sample | Antioxidant Retention (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Week 1 | Week 2 | ||
CAT | non-encapsulated | 100 ± 1.07 a | 94.81 ± 2.29 b | 68.75 ± 1.94 c |
encapsulated | 100 ± 2.22 a | 96.06 ± 2.70 ab | 92.92 ± 1.92 b,* | |
GA | non-encapsulated | 100 ± 0.32 a | 95.63 ± 1.13 b | 87.61 ± 0.86 c |
encapsulated | 100 ± 1.18 a | 98.10 ± 1.33 ab | 96.31 ± 0.48 b,* | |
EGCG | non-encapsulated | 100 ± 0.60 a | 98.06 ± 1.73 a | 77.50 ± 0.62 b |
encapsulated | 100 ± 0.90 a | 92.99 ± 3.91 b | 85.44 ± 3.83 c,* | |
CAT/GA/EGCG | non-encapsulated | 100 ± 0.56 b | 104.77 ± 0.68 a | 93.22 ± 0.97 c |
encapsulated | 100 ± 1.33 a | 95.79 ± 1.26 b,* | 96.64 ± 1.53 b |
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Ntuli, S.; Leuschner, M.; Bester, M.J.; Serem, J.C. Stability, Morphology, and Effects of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenol Inclusion Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin. Molecules 2022, 27, 3808. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123808
Ntuli S, Leuschner M, Bester MJ, Serem JC. Stability, Morphology, and Effects of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenol Inclusion Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin. Molecules. 2022; 27(12):3808. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123808
Chicago/Turabian StyleNtuli, Sunday, Machel Leuschner, Megan J. Bester, and June C. Serem. 2022. "Stability, Morphology, and Effects of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenol Inclusion Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin" Molecules 27, no. 12: 3808. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123808