Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Surface Water and Wastewater Effluents, Assisted by the Persistency-Mobility-Toxicity Criteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Prioritization of CECs Based on PMT Criteria
- vPvM: all the sources indicate that these compounds are vP and vM. T was not investigated, since the fact of being vPvM indicate that they are already of concern (Figure S1)
- PMT: all the sources indicate that these compounds are P, M, and T.
- PM-Pot T: all sources indicates that these compounds are P and M and were classified as Pot T using the Cramer classification scheme.
- Potential PMT: non-concordant results were reported and a conclusion for P and/or M and/or T was obtained.
- Not PMT: all sources indicate that these compounds are either not P and/or not M and/or not T.
2.2. Samples
2.3. Screening Method
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Prioritization
3.2. Sample Preparation and Analytical Considerations
3.3. Screening Results
3.4. Overview on the Most Frequently Detected Contaminants
3.4.1. 1,3-Di-O-Tolylguanidine (DTG) and 1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG)
3.4.2. Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (C12-LAS)
3.4.3. ε-Caprolactam
3.4.4. 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP), Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate (Methyl Paraben), and Tributoxyethyl Phosphate (TBEP)
3.4.5. Venlafaxine, o-Desmethylvenlafaxine, and Sulpiride
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Cas | Production (Tons/Year) (1) | Main Uses | LogD pH7.4 (2) | Freq (%) March | Freq (%) July | Classification (3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) | 97-39-2 | 100–1000 | Vulcanization reagent | 2.27 | 100 | 66 | PM-Pot T |
1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) | 102-06-7 | 1000–10,000 | Vulcanization reagent | 2.89 | 38 | 80 | PM-Pot T |
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (C12-LAS) | 18777-53-2 | 1000–10,000 * | Manufacture washing–cleaning products | 4.02 | 100 | 10 | PM-Pot T |
ε-caprolactam | 105-60-2 | 1,000,000–10,000,000 | Manufacture polymers, textiles, coatings, soaps | 0.31 | 100 | 80 | not P |
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (Methyl paraben) | 99-76-3 | 1000–10,000 | Cosmetical and personal care products | 1.64 | 85 | 69 | not P |
Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) | 78-51-3 | 1000–10,000 | Manufacture polymers and textiles | 3.94 | 73 | 100 | PMT |
4-Nitrophenol (4NP) | 100-02-7 | Unavailable | Chemicals manufacturing | 1.12 | 46 | 90 | PMT |
Venlafaxine | 93413-69-5 | Unavailable | Pharmaceutical | 1.22 | 69 | 80 | PMT |
O-desmethylvenlafaxine | 93413-62-8 | Unavailable | Pharmaceutical metabolite | 1.07 | 62 | 90 | PMT |
Sulpiride | 15676-16-1 | Unavailable | Pharmaceutical | −0.7 | 81 | 100 | PMT |
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Montes, R.; Méndez, S.; Carro, N.; Cobas, J.; Alves, N.; Neuparth, T.; Santos, M.M.; Quintana, J.B.; Rodil, R. Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Surface Water and Wastewater Effluents, Assisted by the Persistency-Mobility-Toxicity Criteria. Molecules 2022, 27, 3915. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123915
Montes R, Méndez S, Carro N, Cobas J, Alves N, Neuparth T, Santos MM, Quintana JB, Rodil R. Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Surface Water and Wastewater Effluents, Assisted by the Persistency-Mobility-Toxicity Criteria. Molecules. 2022; 27(12):3915. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123915
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontes, Rosa, Sandra Méndez, Nieves Carro, Julio Cobas, Nelson Alves, Teresa Neuparth, Miguel Machado Santos, José Benito Quintana, and Rosario Rodil. 2022. "Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Surface Water and Wastewater Effluents, Assisted by the Persistency-Mobility-Toxicity Criteria" Molecules 27, no. 12: 3915. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123915