Effect of Thermal Processing on the Metabolic Components of Black Beans on Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with High-Field Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Qualitative Results
2.2. Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA)
2.3. Screening of Differential Metabolic Components of Black Beans during Heat Processing
2.4. Pathway Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Reagents and Instruments
4.3. Sample Processing
4.3.1. Processing of Raw Black Beans
4.3.2. Cooking Method
4.3.3. Steaming Method
4.4. QEXACTIVE HF Detection
4.4.1. Metabolite Extraction
4.4.2. LC-MS/MS Analysis
4.5. Data Analysis
4.5.1. Data Preprocessing and Annotation
4.5.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4.5.3. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA)
4.5.4. Screening of Differential Metabolites
4.5.5. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Differential Metabolites
4.5.6. KEGG Annotation and Metabolic Pathway Analysis of Differential Metabolites
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Raw−Cooked | Raw−Steamed | Steamed−Cooked | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reduced Content | Increased Content | Total | Reduced Content | Increased Content | Total | High Content | Low Content | Total | |
Amino acids | 21 | 13 | 34 | 15 | 17 | 32 | 34 | 9 | 43 |
Sugars | 10 | 3 | 13 | 7 | 9 | 16 | 11 | 1 | 12 |
Lipids | 12 | 11 | 23 | 19 | 6 | 25 | 9 | 20 | 29 |
Polyphenols | 24 | 19 | 43 | 20 | 30 | 50 | 29 | 2 | 31 |
Nucleosides | 8 | 3 | 11 | 5 | 16 | 21 | 18 | 2 | 20 |
Other | 20 | 9 | 29 | 9 | 11 | 20 | 15 | 7 | 22 |
Aldehydes | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Alkaloids | 5 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Acids | 10 | 1 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 8 | 0 | 8 |
Terpenes | 2 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 6 |
Ketones | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Vitamins | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Organic acids | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
Esters | 6 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Alcohols | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
Total | 124 | 73 | 197 | 96 | 114 | 210 | 143 | 50 | 193 |
Pathway | Total | Hits | Raw p | −ln(p) | Holm Adjust | FDR | Impact | Hits Cpd | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Glycerophospholipid metabolism | 25 | 2 | 0.153 | 1.879 | 1 | 1 | 0.186 | O-Phosphoethanolamine cpd:C00346; Glycerol 3-phosphate cpd:C00093; |
2 | Glycerolipid metabolism | 13 | 1 | 0.309 | 1.173 | 1 | 1 | 0.079 | Glycerol 3-phosphate cpd:C00093 |
3 | Sphingolipid metabolism | 13 | 1 | 0.309 | 1.173 | 1 | 1 | 0.333 | O-Phosphoethanolamine cpd:C00346 |
4 | alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism | 23 | 1 | 0.562 | 0.577 | 1 | 1 | 0.160 | Alpha-Linolenic acid cpd:C06427 |
5 | Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids | 42 | 1 | 0.781 | 0.247 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Alpha-Linolenic acid cpd:C06427 |
6 | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | 20 | 1 | 0.512 | 0.670 | 1 | 1 | 0.034 | Fumaric acid cpd:C00122 |
7 | Butanoate metabolism | 18 | 1 | 0.475 | 0.744 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | L-Glutamic acid cpd:C00025 |
8 | beta-Alanine metabolism | 12 | 1 | 0.289 | 1.240 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Dihydrouracil cpd:C00429 |
9 | Histidine metabolism | 16 | 2 | 0.366 | 1.004 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde cpd:C05130; Imidazoleacetic acid cpd:C02835 |
10 | Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism | 22 | 3 | 0.039 | 3.255 | 1 | 1 | 0.339 | L-Glutamic acid cpd:C00025; L-Asparagine cpd:C00152; Fumaric acid cpd:C00122 |
11 | Tyrosine metabolism | 18 | 2 | 0.128 | 2.054 | 1 | 1 | 0.045 | Dopamine cpd:C03758; Fumaric acid cpd:C00122 |
12 | Cysteine and methionine metabolism | 34 | 1 | 0.623 | 0.473 | 1 | 1 | 0.048 | 5′-Methylthioadenosine cpd:C00170 |
13 | Arginine and proline metabolism | 38 | 3 | 0.144 | 1.938 | 1 | 1 | 0.227 | L-Glutamic acid cpd:C00025; L-Proline cpd:C00148; Fumaric acid cpd:C00122 |
14 | Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism | 30 | 1 | 0.660 | 0.415 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
15 | Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis | 21 | 1 | 0.529 | 0.637 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
16 | Tryptophan metabolism | 27 | 1 | 0.621 | 0.476 | 1 | 1 | 0.171 | L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
17 | Glutathione metabolism | 26 | 1 | 0.607 | 0.499 | 1 | 1 | 0.078 | L-Glutamic acid cpd:C00025 |
18 | Nitrogen metabolism | 15 | 1 | 0.415 | 0.879 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | L-Glutamic acid cpd:C00025 |
19 | Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | 67 | 4 | 0.203 | 1.597 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | L-Asparagine cpd:C00152; L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078; L-Proline cpd:C00148; L-Glutamic acid cpd:C00025 |
20 | Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism | 29 | 1 | 0.648 | 0.435 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | L-Glutamic acid cpd:C00025 |
21 | Flavonoid biosynthesis | 43 | 2 | 0.449 | 0.802 | 1 | 1 | 0.122 | Naringenin cpd:C00509; (-)-Epiafzelechin cpd:C12128; Luteolin cpd:C01514 |
22 | Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid, and gingerol biosynthesis | 10 | 1 | 0.300 | 1.203 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | 3,3′,4′5-Tetrahydroxystilbene cpd:C05901 |
23 | Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis | 9 | 1 | 0.226 | 1.488 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Luteolin cpd:C01514 |
24 | Vitamin B6 metabolism | 11 | 1 | 0.269 | 1.314 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Pyridoxine cpd:C00314 |
25 | Thiamine metabolism | 11 | 2 | 0.036 | 3.334 | 1 | 1 | 0.471 | 5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole cpd:C04294; Thiamine monophosphate cpd:C01081 |
26 | Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis | 14 | 1 | 0.329 | 1.112 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Dihydrouracil cpd:C00429 |
27 | Pyrimidine metabolism | 38 | 2 | 0.665 | 0.408 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Dihydrouracil cpd:C00429; Cytidine cpd:C00475 |
28 | Purine metabolism | 61 | 4 | 0.241 | 1.424 | 1 | 1 | 0.050 | Hypoxanthine cpd:C00262; Phosphoribosyl formamidocarboxamide cpd:C04734; Inosine cpd:C00294; Xanthine cpd:C00385 |
29 | Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis | 6 | 1 | 0.192 | 1.648 | 1 | 1 | 0.500 | Dopamine cpd:C03758 |
30 | Indole alkaloid biosynthesis | 7 | 1 | 0.221 | 1.510 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
31 | Pentose phosphate pathway | 18 | 1 | 0.475 | 0.744 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Gluconic acid cpd:C00257 |
32 | Galactose metabolism | 26 | 1 | 0.525 | 0.644 | 1 | 1 | 0.049 | Stachyose cpd:C01613 |
33 | Glucosinolate biosynthesis | 54 | 1 | 0.859 | 0.152 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
Pathway | Total | Hits | Raw p | −ln(p) | Holm Adjust | FDR | Impact | Hits Cpd | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Thiamine metabolism | 11 | 3 | 0.006 | 5.157 | 0.50088 | 0.5009 | 0.471 | 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide cpd:C03373; 5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole cpd:C04294; Thiamine monophosphate cpd:C01081 |
2 | Vitamin B6 metabolism | 11 | 2 | 0.056 | 2.884 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Pyridoxine cpd:C00314; Pyridoxal cpd:C00250 |
3 | Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism | 12 | 1 | 0.355 | 1.036 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Nicotinic acid cpd:C00253 |
4 | Glycerophospholipid metabolism | 25 | 2 | 0.224 | 1.498 | 1 | 1 | 0.081 | O-Phosphoethanolamine cpd:C00346; Citicoline cpd:C00307 |
5 | Sphingolipid metabolism | 13 | 1 | 0.378 | 0.973 | 1 | 1 | 0.333 | O-Phosphoethanolamine cpd:C00346 |
6 | alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism | 23 | 1 | 0.570 | 0.562 | 1 | 1 | 0.160 | Alpha-Linolenic acid cpd:C06427 |
7 | Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids | 42 | 1 | 0.788 | 0.238 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Alpha-Linolenic acid cpd:C06427 |
8 | Cysteine and methionine metabolism | 34 | 2 | 0.345 | 1.065 | 1 | 1 | 0.138 | 2-Oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid cpd:C01180; 5′-Methylthioadenosine cpd:C00170 |
9 | beta-Alanine metabolism | 12 | 1 | 0.355 | 1.036 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Dihydrouracil cpd:C00429 |
10 | Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism | 30 | 2 | 0.668 | 0.403 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Betaine cpd:C00719; L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
11 | Arginine and proline metabolism | 38 | 1 | 0.754 | 0.282 | 1 | 1 | 0.008 | N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde cpd:C01250 |
12 | Phenylalanine metabolism | 8 | 1 | 0.253 | 1.374 | 1 | 1 | 0.167 | Phenylpyruvic acid cpd:C00166 |
13 | Histidine metabolism | 16 | 1 | 0.443 | 0.814 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Imidazoleacetic acid cpd:C02835 |
14 | Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis | 21 | 2 | 0.171 | 1.767 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Phenylpyruvic acid cpd:C00166; L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
15 | Tyrosine metabolism | 18 | 1 | 0.483 | 0.728 | 1 | 1 | 0.045 | Dopamine cpd:C03758 |
16 | Pyruvate metabolism | 21 | 1 | 0.537 | 0.622 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | 2-Isopropylmalic acid cpd:C02504 |
17 | Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis | 26 | 1 | 0.615 | 0.486 | 1 | 1 | 0.048 | 2-Isopropylmalic acid cpd:C02504 |
18 | Tryptophan metabolism | 27 | 1 | 0.629 | 0.463 | 1 | 1 | 0.171 | L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
19 | Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | 67 | 1 | 0.918 | 0.085 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
20 | Purine metabolism | 61 | 7 | 0.019 | 3.981 | 1 | 1 | 0.105 | Xanthine cpd:C00385; Guanosine monophosphate cpd:C00144; Guanine cpd:C00242; Deoxyinosine cpd:C05512; Inosine cpd:C00294; Guanosine cpd:C00387; 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide cpd:C03373; |
21 | Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis | 14 | 1 | 0.401 | 0.915 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Dihydrouracil cpd:C00429 |
22 | Pyrimidine metabolism | 38 | 3 | 0.397 | 0.923 | 1 | 1 | 0.012 | Cytidine cpd:C00475; Thymidine cpd:C00214; Dihydrouracil cpd:C00429 |
23 | Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid, and gingerol biosynthesis | 10 | 1 | 0.306 | 1.185 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | 3,3′,4′5-Tetrahydroxystilbene cpd:C05901 |
24 | Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis | 9 | 1 | 0.280 | 1.273 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Luteolin cpd:C01514 |
25 | Flavonoid biosynthesis | 43 | 3 | 0.460 | 0.776 | 1 | 1 | 0.122 | Naringenin cpd:C00509; (-)-Epiafzelechin cpd:C12128; Luteolin cpd:C01514 |
26 | Galactose metabolism | 26 | 2 | 0.615 | 0.486 | 1 | 1 | 0.070 | Melibiose cpd:C05402; Glucose 1-phosphate cpd:C00103 |
27 | Glucosinolate biosynthesis | 54 | 2 | 0.866 | 0.144 | 1 | 1 | 0.010 | 2-Oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid cpd:C01180; L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
28 | Pentose and glucuronate interconversions | 12 | 2 | 0.066 | 2.724 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | D-Xylose cpd:C00181; Glucose 1-phosphate cpd:C00103 |
29 | Glycolysis or gluconeogenesis | 25 | 1 | 0.601 | 0.510 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | Glucose 1-phosphate cpd:C00103 |
30 | Starch and sucrose metabolism | 30 | 1 | 0.668 | 0.403 | 1 | 1 | 0.172 | Glucose 1-phosphate cpd:C00103 |
31 | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | 41 | 1 | 0.780 | 0.248 | 1 | 1 | 0.110 | Glucose 1-phosphate cpd:C00103 |
32 | Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis | 6 | 1 | 0.196 | 1.628 | 1 | 1 | 0.500 | Dopamine cpd:C03758 |
33 | Indole alkaloid biosynthesis | 7 | 1 | 0.225 | 1.491 | 1 | 1 | 0.000 | L-Tryptophan cpd:C00078 |
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Feng, Y.; Fan, X.; Zhang, S.; Yu, M.; Wu, T.; Liang, Y.; Wang, C.; Yang, H. Effect of Thermal Processing on the Metabolic Components of Black Beans on Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with High-Field Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022, 27, 3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123919
Feng Y, Fan X, Zhang S, Yu M, Wu T, Liang Y, Wang C, Yang H. Effect of Thermal Processing on the Metabolic Components of Black Beans on Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with High-Field Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules. 2022; 27(12):3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123919
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng, Yuchao, Xia Fan, Shu Zhang, Miao Yu, Tong Wu, Ying Liang, Changyuan Wang, and Hongzhi Yang. 2022. "Effect of Thermal Processing on the Metabolic Components of Black Beans on Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with High-Field Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry" Molecules 27, no. 12: 3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123919