Classification of Polish Natural Bee Honeys Based on Their Chemical Composition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Sugar Profile of Polish Honeys
2.2. Amino Acids Profile and HMF Content in Polish Honeys
2.3. One-Way ANOVA
2.4. Multivariate Data Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Honey Samples
3.2. Sample Preparation
3.3. NMR Experiments
3.3.1. Calibration Curve
3.3.2. Inter-Day and Intra-Day Repeatability
3.4. Quantification of Sugars and Amino Acids
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Variety of Honey | Mean ± SD [g/100g] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Glc (Min–Max) | Fru (Min–Max) | Suc (Min–Max) | Fru/Glc Ratio | |
Lime | 33.11 ± 1.09 (31.41–33.71) | 37.02 ± 1.30 (34.86–38.44) | 0.48 ± 0.06 (0.42–0.61) | 1.11 ± 0.06 (1.01–1.22) |
Rape | 38.74 ± 3.25 (37.51–45.28) | 38.81 ± 0.87 (37.92–40.03) | 0.18 ± 0.004 (0.18–0.19) | 1.01 ± 0.09 (0.84–1.14) |
Acacia | 27.62 ± 1.73 (25.56–30.34) | 42.26 ± 0.76 (41.38–43.09) | 1.03 ± 0.06 (0.98–1.13) | 1.52 ± 0.10 (1.39–1.62) |
Multiflorous | 35.63 ± 1.13 (34.07–37.74) | 43.51 ± 1.22 (41.99–45.24) | 1.19 ± 0.05 (1.12–1.27) | 1.23 ± 0.07 (1.11–1.32) |
Foreign commercial multiflorous | 37.32 ± 10.98 (31.41–59.67) | 49.82 ± 17.74 (38.44–85.47) | 3.76 ± 1.38 (2.96–6.51) | 1.32 ± 0.09 (1.18–1.43) |
Variety of Honey | Mean ± SD [mg/kg] | Mean ± SD [mg/100 g] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5-HMF (min-max) | Ala (min-max) | Pro (min-max) | Tyr (min-max) | Phe (min-max) | |
Lime | 1.96 ± 0.32 (1.59–2.37) | 2.33 ± 0.33 (1.94–2.83) | 64.77 ± 9.99 (52.73–77.17) | 2.21 ± 0.15 (2.00–2.38) | 4.46 ± 0.25 (4.24–4.82) |
Rape | 16.18 ± 1.39 (14.71–18.53) | 2.11 ± 0.13 (1.91–2.28) | 26.83 ± 3.06 (22.03–31.02) | 1.44 ± 0.25 (1.16–1-81) | 3.78 ± 0.23 (3.30–3.97) |
Acacia | 0.83 ± 0.08 (0.73–0.95) | 2.59 ± 0.39 (1.81–2.97) | 11.34 ± 2.94 (8.27–16.72) | 7.21 ± 0.66 (6.48–8.06) | 1.81 ± 0.14 (1.66–2.04) |
Multiflorous | 7.57 ± 0.59 (6.91–8.42) | 2.30 ± 0.13 (2.11–2.44) | 41.04 ± 4.75 (31.21–44.31) | 3.51 ± 0.39 (3.01–4.03) | 8.09 ± 0.99 (6.81–9.28) |
Foreign multiflorous | 12.17 ± 0.85 (11.13–13.32) | 2.35 ± 0.10 (2.27–2.54) | 67.55 ± 4.71 (62.66–74.17) | 5.03 ± 0.62 (4.27–5.98) | 7.56 ± 0.71 (6.74–8.44) |
Honey Samples | Number of Samples | Origin | Symbol 1 |
---|---|---|---|
Lime | 7 | Beekeeper | |
Rape | 7 | Beekeeper | |
Acacia | 7 | Beekeeper | |
Multiflorous | 7 | Beekeeper | |
Foreign multiflorous | 6 | Commercial |
Experiment Number | Intra-Day Repeatability | Inter-Day Repeatability |
---|---|---|
1 | 1.9198 | 1.9176 |
2 | 1.9224 | 1.9188 |
3 | 1.9211 | 1.9184 |
4 | 1.9207 | 1.9214 |
5 | 1.9178 | 1.9192 |
6 | 1.9216 | 1.9204 |
7 | 1.9179 | 1.9231 |
8 | 1.9194 | 1.9174 |
Average | 1.9201 | 1.9195 |
SD | 0.0017 | 0.0020 |
CV% | 0.0872 | 0.1026 |
Experiment Number | Intra-Day Repeatability | Inter-Day Repeatability |
---|---|---|
1 | 37.5147 | 37.5289 |
2 | 37.5157 | 37.5282 |
3 | 37.5161 | 37.5167 |
4 | 37.5149 | 37.5187 |
5 | 37.5152 | 37.5193 |
6 | 37.5168 | 37.5235 |
7 | 37.5156 | 37.5288 |
8 | 37.5164 | 37.5282 |
Average | 37.5157 | 37.5240 |
SD | 0.0007 | 0.0052 |
CV% | 0.0019 | 0.014 |
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Pacholczyk-Sienicka, B.; Ciepielowski, G.; Modranka, J.; Bartosik, T.; Albrecht, Ł. Classification of Polish Natural Bee Honeys Based on Their Chemical Composition. Molecules 2022, 27, 4844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154844
Pacholczyk-Sienicka B, Ciepielowski G, Modranka J, Bartosik T, Albrecht Ł. Classification of Polish Natural Bee Honeys Based on Their Chemical Composition. Molecules. 2022; 27(15):4844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154844
Chicago/Turabian StylePacholczyk-Sienicka, Barbara, Grzegorz Ciepielowski, Jakub Modranka, Tomasz Bartosik, and Łukasz Albrecht. 2022. "Classification of Polish Natural Bee Honeys Based on Their Chemical Composition" Molecules 27, no. 15: 4844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154844