Mexican Oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer and Poliomintha longiflora Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana Promastigotes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Mexican Oregano
2.2. Leishmanicidal and Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils of Mexican Oregano and Their Two Major Components
2.3. Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Thymol and Carvacrol
2.4. Metabolic Inhibition and Loss of Cell Membrane Integrity
2.5. Effects on Cellular Morphology
2.6. Characterization of the Mechanism of Induced Cell Death
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Essential Oils and Pure Compounds
4.2. Parasites Culture
4.3. Cell Culture
4.4. In vitro Evaluation of Leishmanicidal Activity
4.5. In vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity and Selectivity Index (SI)
4.6. Determination of Pharmacodynamic Interactions by Thymol and Carvacrol in L. mexicana
4.7. Evaluation of Cell Death Markers on Promastigotes of L. mexicana
4.7.1. Forward Scatter (FSC) and Side Scatter (SSC) Modifications
4.7.2. Membrane Permeability
4.7.3. Annexin V Binding
4.7.4. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ψm)
4.7.5. DNA Fragmentation
4.8. Morphology Analysis
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Leishmania mexicana IC50 (µg/mL) | Macrophages J774 A.1 CC50 (µg/mL) | SI (CC50/CI50) | |
---|---|---|---|
Lippia berlandieri EO | 41.78 (36.48–47.09) | 150.41 (144.03–156.77) | 3.59 |
Poliomintha longiflora EO | 79.70 (74.6–84.80) | 166.66 (159.74–173.55) | 2.01 |
Thymol | 22.39 (16.77–20.01) | 114.13 (108.45–119.80) | 5.10 |
Carvacrol | 61.52 (56.83–66.22) | 147.37 (142.71–152.02) | 2.39 |
Amphotericin B | 0.41 (0.37–0.43) | 112.45 (107.01–117.89) | 276 |
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Chacón-Vargas, K.F.; Sánchez-Torres, L.E.; Chávez-González, M.L.; Adame-Gallegos, J.R.; Nevárez-Moorillón, G.V. Mexican Oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer and Poliomintha longiflora Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana Promastigotes. Molecules 2022, 27, 5183. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165183
Chacón-Vargas KF, Sánchez-Torres LE, Chávez-González ML, Adame-Gallegos JR, Nevárez-Moorillón GV. Mexican Oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer and Poliomintha longiflora Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana Promastigotes. Molecules. 2022; 27(16):5183. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165183
Chicago/Turabian StyleChacón-Vargas, Karla Fabiola, Luvia Enid Sánchez-Torres, Mónica L. Chávez-González, Jaime R. Adame-Gallegos, and Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón. 2022. "Mexican Oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer and Poliomintha longiflora Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana Promastigotes" Molecules 27, no. 16: 5183. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165183