Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don) Essential Oil Showed Antibacterial and Biofilm Inhibitory Activity against Respiratory Tract Pathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Composition of Immortelle Essential Oil
2.2. Broth Microdilution Test
2.3. Biofilm Inhibition Assay
2.4. Membrane Damage Assay
2.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Investigation of the Biofilm Structure with SEM
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. GC-FID and GC-MS Analysis
4.2. Cultivation of Test Bacteria
4.3. Preparing the Stock Solution Containing Immortelle EO
4.4. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
4.5. Biofilm Inhibition Assay
4.6. Membrane Damage Assay
4.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Compounds | KI | Percentage of Compounds (%) |
---|---|---|
α-Pinene | 939 | 6.7 |
Cymene | 1025 | 1.1 |
Limonene | 1029 | 2.2 |
1,8-cineole | 1031 | 0.7 |
Linalool | 1097 | 2.2 |
Pentyl-methyl-butanoate | 1060 | 2.3 |
Terpinene-4-ol | 1177 | 1.1 |
α-Terpineol | 1189 | 0.8 |
Nerol | 1230 | 0.9 |
Neral | 1235 | 0.5 |
Neryl acetate | 1362 | 21.2 |
Cyclosativene | 1371 | 0.7 |
α-Copaene | 1377 | 4.5 |
β-Longipinene | 1401 | 8.8 |
α-cisz-Bergamotene | 1413 | 2.1 |
β-Caryophyllene | 1419 | 0.5 |
α-trans-Bergamotene | 1435 | 4.2 |
Geranyl propionate | 1476 | 4.0 |
Citronellyl isobutyrate | 1482 | 1.8 |
α-Humulene | 1464 | 0.5 |
γ-Selinene | 1484 | 3.2 |
α-Curcumene | 1481 | 15.9 |
β-Selinene | 1490 | 7.2 |
α-Selinene | 1498 | 1.7 |
γ-Cadinene | 1514 | 0.2 |
δ-Cadinene | 1523 | 0.2 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1583 | 4.2 |
Globulol | 1585 | 0.7 |
Sum | 100 |
P. aeruginosa | S. pneumoniae | H. influenzae | H. parainfluenzae | |
---|---|---|---|---|
immortelle EO | 0.625 | 0.375 | 0.312 | 0.312 |
gentamicin | 2 | - | - | - |
imipenem | - | 0.4 | - | - |
amikacin | - | - | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Concentrations | P. aeruginosa | S. pneumoniae | H. influenzae | H. parainfluenzae |
---|---|---|---|---|
A260 (%) | ||||
MIC/4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
MIC/2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
MIC | 32.1 ± 1.2 | 36.3 ± 1.9 | 40.8 ± 2.9 | 46.9 ± 0.8 |
MIC × 2 | 79.0 ± 1.5 | 83.7 ± 2.2 | 90.2 ± 2.4 | 96.1 ± 2.1 |
MIC × 4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
P. aeruginosa | S. pneumoniae | H. influenzae | H. parainfluenzae | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Time (min) | A260 (%) | |||
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20 | 48.2 ± 2.8 | 52.1 ± 1.2 | 63.2 ± 1.9 | 69.8 ± 2.0 |
40 | 50.2 ± 0.8 | 55.3 ± 2.5 | 69.2 ± 2.1 | 70.7 ± 3.0 |
60 | 79.1 ± 1.5 | 83.7 ± 2.2 | 90.2 ± 2.4 | 96.1 ± 2.1 |
90 | 81.2 ± 2.8 | 89.8 ± 3.1 | 95.9 ± 0.9 | 98.6 ± 0.7 |
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Balázs, V.L.; Filep, R.; Répás, F.; Kerekes, E.; Szabó, P.; Kocsis, B.; Böszörményi, A.; Krisch, J.; Horváth, G. Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don) Essential Oil Showed Antibacterial and Biofilm Inhibitory Activity against Respiratory Tract Pathogens. Molecules 2022, 27, 5518. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175518
Balázs VL, Filep R, Répás F, Kerekes E, Szabó P, Kocsis B, Böszörményi A, Krisch J, Horváth G. Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don) Essential Oil Showed Antibacterial and Biofilm Inhibitory Activity against Respiratory Tract Pathogens. Molecules. 2022; 27(17):5518. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175518
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalázs, Viktória L., Rita Filep, Fanni Répás, Erika Kerekes, Péter Szabó, Béla Kocsis, Andrea Böszörményi, Judit Krisch, and Györgyi Horváth. 2022. "Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don) Essential Oil Showed Antibacterial and Biofilm Inhibitory Activity against Respiratory Tract Pathogens" Molecules 27, no. 17: 5518. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175518