Brassica Genus Seeds: A Review on Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Traditional and Agronomic Uses of Brassica Seeds
3. Functional Ingredients of Brassica Genus Seeds
3.1. Edible Oil Profile
3.2. Proteins, Minerals, and Secondary Metabolites
Chemical Composition | Species | Subspecies/var | Sample Analyzed | Extracting Solvent | Content | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volatile oil | B. nigra | Seeds | H2O | 25.13% (w/w) | [64] | |
Fat | B. juncea | Seed meal | nf | 2.8% (w/w) | [50] | |
B. napus | Canola | Seed meal | nf | 2.9% (w/w) | ||
Protein | B. nigra | Seeds | nf | 24.70% (w/w) | [64] | |
B. oleracea | italica cv. Legacy | Seeds | nf | 27.29% (w/w) | [36] | |
B. rapa L. | Rapa Catozza Napoletana (RCN) | Seed meal | nf | 38.2% (w/w) | [51] | |
B. carinata | Defatted cake | nf | 24.6 to 35.4% (w/w) | [74] | ||
B. juncea | Canola | Seed meal | nf | 47.4% (w/w) | [75] | |
Seed meal | nf | 41.7% (w/w) | [50] | |||
B. napus | Canola | Seed meal | nf | 41.5% (w/w) | ||
Seed meal | nf | 48.6, 49.8% (w/w) | [39,75] | |||
B. hirta | Seeds | H2O | 0.77% (w/w) | [76] | ||
B. campestris | Wild meal | nf | 26% (w/w) | [67] | ||
Dehulled, defatted meal | nf | 48% (w/w) | ||||
Carbohydrates | B. nigra | Seeds | nf | 35.40% (w/w) | [64] | |
B. oleracea | italica cv. Legacy | Seeds | nf | 58.89% (w/w) | [36] | |
Dietary fiber | B. juncea | Canola | Seed meal | nf | 25.8% (w/w) | [75] |
Seed meal | nf | 27.7% (w/w) | [50] | |||
B. napus | Canola | Seed meal | nf | 33.8% (w/w) | ||
Seed meal | nf | 26.4%, 24.1% (w/w) | [75] | |||
Crude fiber | B. oleracea | italica cv. Legacy | Seeds | nf | 15.47% (w/w) | [36] |
B. nigra | Seeds | nf | 0.30% (w/w) | [64] | ||
B. campestris | Wild meal | nf | 13.4% (w/w) | [67] | ||
Dehulled and defatted meal | nf | 3.8% (w/w) | ||||
Oligosaccharides | B. napus | Seed meal | nf | 2.1% (w/w) | [39] | |
Glycosides | B. nigra | Seeds | H2O | 20.01% (w/w) | [64] | |
Reducing sugar | B. nigra | Seeds | H2O | 5.56% (w/w) | [64] | |
Starch | B. juncea | Seed meal | nf | 3.4% (w/w) | [50] | |
B. napus | Canola | Seed meal | nf | 1% (w/w) | ||
B. napus | Seed meal | nf | 2.3% (w/w) | [39] | ||
Nonstarch polysaccharides | B. napus | Seed meal | nf | 17.5% (w/w) | ||
Sucrose | B. juncea | Canola | Seed meal | nf | 9.2% (w/w) | [75] |
B. juncea | Seed meal | nf | 6.9% (w/w) | [50] | ||
B. napus | canola | Seed meal | nf | 5.6% (w/w) | ||
B. napus | Seed meal | nf | 7.5%, 10.2% (w/w) | [39,75] | ||
Moisture | B. nigra | Seeds | nf | 4.16% (w/w) | [64] | |
B. campestris | Wild meal | nf | 4.8% (w/w) | [67] | ||
Ash | B. nigra | Seeds | nf | 5.14% (w/w) | [64] | |
B. oleracea | italica cv. Legacy | Seeds | nf | 4.45% (w/w) | [36] | |
B. campestris | Wild meal | nf | 4.4% (w/w) | [67] | ||
Dehulled and defatted meal | nf | 7% (w/w) | ||||
Phosphorus | B. napus | Seed meal | nf | 1.14% (w/w) | [39] | |
Non-phytate phosphorus | B. napus | Seed meal | nf | 0.83% (w/w) | ||
Vitamin E | B. juncea L. | Czern | Seeds | 80% methanol, 20% H2O | 0.08% (w/w) | [62] |
Vitamin C | B. oleracea | italica Green King variety | Seeds | 70% methanol | 0.27% AAE (w/w) | [77] |
α-tocopherol | B. nigra | Seeds | Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol | 0.11% (w/v) | [63] | |
B. oleracea L. | var. acephala | Oil | nf | 70% (w/w) | [35] | |
Total phenolic | B. nigra | Cold-press oil | nf | 0.01% GAE (w/v) | [78] | |
B. oleracea | italica cv. Legacy | Seeds | Methanol/water (80:20) | 0.89% GAE (w/w) | [36] | |
italica Green King variety | Seeds | 70% methanol | 1.66% GAE (w/w) | [77] | ||
Seeds | Methanol | 0.39–0.46% GAE (w/w) | [79] | |||
B.rapa L. | RCN seed meal | nf | 1.30% (w/w) | [51] | ||
B. tournefortii | Gouan | Oil | nf | 1.61% GAE (w/w) | [80] | |
Total phenolic | B. carinata | Defatted cake | Methanol | 0.04–0.13% (w/w) | [74] | |
B. hirta | Seeds | H2O | 0.63% (w/w) | [76] | ||
Cold-press oil | nf | 0.02% GAE (w/v) | [78] | |||
B. juncea | Czern | Seeds | 70% ethanol | 2.77% TAE (w/w) | [81] | |
Seeds | nf | 0.12% GAE (w/v) | [65] | |||
Dolsan mustard seeds (DMS) | 50% acetonitrile (ACN) | 40.43% GAE (w/w) | [73] | |||
B. napus | Canola | Seeds | 80% methanol | 46.23% (w/w) | [82] | |
Canola | Defatted oilseed cakes | Methanol/acetone/water (MAW) | 2.11% GAE (w/w) | [83] | ||
Total flavonoid | B. nigra | Seeds | H2O | 6.57% (w/w) | [64] | |
Cold-press oil | nf | 0.002% CE (w/v) | [78] | |||
B. oleracea var. | italica Green King variety | Seeds | 70% methanol | 0.37% CE (w/w) | [77] | |
italica cv. Legacy | Seeds | Methanol/water (80:20) | 3.3% QE (w/w) | [36] | ||
Seeds | Methanol | 0.26–0.40% RE (w/w) | [79] | |||
B. juncea | DMS | 50% ACN | 39.53% QE (w/w) | [73] | ||
Seeds | nf | 2.48% RE (w/w) | [65] | |||
Czern | Seeds | 70% ethanol | 12.68% QE (w/w) | [81] | ||
B. napus | Canola | Seeds | 80% methanol | 7.54% (w/w) | [82] | |
Canola | Defatted oilseed cakes | MAW | 0.04% LUE (w/w) | [83] | ||
B. hirta | Cold-press oil | nf | 0.001% CE (w/v) | [78] | ||
Vanillin | B. juncea | Czem | Seeds | 80% methanol, 20% H2O | 0.21% (w/w) | [62] |
Catechin | 0.42% (w/w) | |||||
Quercetin | 0.01% (w/w) | |||||
Alkaloids | B. nigra | Seeds | H2O | 20.58% (w/w) | [64] | |
B. juncea | Seeds | 10% acetic in ethanol | 2.25% (w/w) | [65] | ||
Tannins | B. nigra | Seeds | H2O | 15.05% (w/w) | [64] | |
B. juncea | Seeds | nf | 7.75% TAE (w/v) | [65] | ||
Saponins | B. nigra | Seeds | H2O | 12.82% (w/w) | [64] | |
B. juncea | Seeds | 80% methanol | 4.25% Diosgenin equivalent (w/w) | [65] | ||
Terpenoids | B. juncea | Seeds | Ethanol | 5.40% (w/w) | ||
Carotenoids | B. nigra | Seeds | Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol | 1.51% (w/v) | [63] | |
Glucosinolates | B. oleracea | italica | Sprouts | nf | 0.40% (w/w) | [84] |
italica | Seeds | Aqueous methanol (80% v/v) | 1.01% sinigrin equivalent (w/w) to 2.09% sinigrin equivalent (w/w) | [85] | ||
B. napus | Seed meal | nf | 20.8% (w/w) | [39] | ||
Seeds | Methanol, lead acetate 0,3 M, water | Oilseed group: 2.3% (w/w) Forage group: 4.88% (w/w) | [72] | |||
B. rapa L. | RCN seed meal | nf | 0.6% (w/w) | [51] | ||
B. campestris | Dehulled and defatted meal | nf | 2.3% (w/w) | [67] | ||
Sinigrin | B. juncea L. | Czern | Seeds | 80% methanol, 20% H2O | 0.08% (w/w) | [62] |
B. juncea | DMS | 50% ACN | 5.38% (w/w) | [73] |
3.3. Aqueous, Organic Extracts and Essential Oil Phytochemical Profile
Chemical Composition | Species | Subspecies/var | Sample Analyzed | Extracting Solvent | Separation and Detection Methods | Bioactive Compounds | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyphenols | B. nigra | Seeds | UHPLC–MS/MS | 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and procatechuic acid | [119] | ||
B. oleracea | var. acephala | Oil | GC-FID, MS, HPLC-DAD, HPLC–MS, HPLC fluorescence | 11 polyphenols, 5 flavonoids, and 6 hydroxycinnamic acids | [35] | ||
var. costata | Seeds | H2O | Reverse-phase HPLC-DAD–MS/MS-ESI and HPLC-DAD | 13 phenolic compounds: 2 sinapoylgentiobiose isomers (sinapoylgentiobiose (0.03% (w/w)) and sinapoylgentiobiose isomer (0.03% (w/w))), 3 sinapoylglucose isomers (1-sinapoylglucose isomer (0.04% (w/w)), 1-sinapoylglucose isomer (0.04% (w/w)), and 1-sinapoylglucose (0.07% (w/w))), kaempferol-3 (sinapoyl) sophorotrioside-7-glucoside, sinapoylcholine, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside-4’-(sinapoyl) glucoside, 3 disinapoylgentiobiose isomers (1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose isomer (0.02% (w/w)), 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose isomer (0.04% (w/w)), and 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose (0.10% (w/w))), 1,2,2’-trisinapoylgentiobiose, and 1,2-disinapoylglucose | [103] | ||
B. rapa L. | RCN | Seed meal | 70% methanol | LC–MS | Polyphenols: flavonol and hydroxycinnamic derivatives: K−3−O-(methoxycaffeoyl) sophotrioside−7−O-glc, K−3−O-sophotrioside−7−O-glc, Q−3−O-(coumaroyl) sophoroside −7−O-glc, K−3−O-(sinapoyl) sophotrioside−7−O-glc, I−3−O-(cumaroyl) sophotrioside−7−O-sophoroside, I-3,7−O-di-glc, I−3−O-glc−7−O-sophoroside, caffeoyl derivative, K−3−O-sophoroside, Q−3−O-sophoroside, K−3−O-(feruloyl) sophoroside, Q−3−O-glc, 1,2-disinapoylgentiobioside, 1-sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobioside, K−3−O-glc, and I−3−O-glc | [51] | |
B. juncea | Seeds | UHPLC–MS/MS | 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid (0.02% (w/w), procatechuic acid, and kaempferol | [119] | |||
30% etthanol | LC–MS/MS | Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, epigallocatechin gallate, myricetin, apigenin, quercetin-3-O-(caffeoyl)-glucoside, and quercetin | [120] | ||||
B. napus | spring oilseed rape (Napus cv. Drakkar) | Seeds | Hexane–80% aq. methanol | Combination of high-field NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI) | 15 constituents: glucose, kaempferol glycoside esters, gentiobiose,, sinapine (sinapoylcholine), and sinapoylmalate; 1 of the glucose esters (1,6-di-O-sinapoylglucose), 2 kaempferol conjugates [4’-(6-O-sinapoylglucoside)-3,7-di-O-glucoside and 3-O-sophoroside-7-O-(2-O-sinapoylglucoside)], and 2 gentiobiose esters (1-O-caffeoylgentiobiose, and 1,2,6’-tri-O-sinapoylgentiobiose)are new plant products | [121] | |
winter type: Aviso (00), CMB1039 (00), Doublol (00), JetNeuf (0þ) and PR3984 (00) | Seed coat | Methanol/acetone/water/TFA mixture (40:32:28:0.05 v/v/v/v) | LC–ESI-MSn | 13 different flavonoids: (−)-epicatechin, 7 flavonols (quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-dihexoside, kaempferol-sinapoyl-trihexoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin-dihexoside, isorhamnetin-hexoside-sulfate, and isorhamnetin-sinapoyl-trihexoside), and 5 procyanidins | [90] | ||
Canola | Seeds | 80% methanol | Sephadex LH-20 chromatography | Free phenolic compound: trans-sinapic acid (19.34% (w/w)); sinapic acid derivatives: 1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl sinapate and 1,2-di-O- sinapoyl-β-D-glucose | [82] | ||
cv.Yang 6 | Seeds | 80% methanol | HPLC-PDA–ESI(−)-MSn/HRMS | Detection of 91 flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives: 6 flavanols and their oligomers, 39 kaempferol derivatives, 5 quercetin derivatives, 11 isorhamnetin derivatives, and 30 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives | [89] | ||
B. alba | Seeds | UHPLC–MS/MS | 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, apigenin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid (0.12% (w/w)) | [119] | |||
Glucosinolates | B. oleracea | italica (broccoli) | Seed isothiocyanates (ITCs) | Ethyl acetate | GC–MS | 3-BITC (3-butenyl isothiocyanate) (13.85% (w/w)) and sulforaphane (4.98% (w/w)) | [96] |
Alboglabra (Chinese kale) | 3-BITC (7.76% (w/w)) | ||||||
italica (broccoli) | Seeds | H2O | HPLC | Aliphatic glucosinolates: sinigrin (0–1.94% (w/w)), progoitrin (0–5.51% (w/w)), glucoraphanin (0.12–6.18% (w/w)), gluconapin (0–0.7% (w/w)), glucoerucin, glucoiberin, and glucoiberverin. Indolic glucosinolates: glucobrassicin (0–0.17% (w/w)), and 4-hydroxy-glucobrassicin (0–0.33% (w/w)) | [122] | ||
italica cv. Legacy | Seeds | Dichloromethane (DCM) | HPLC | Sulforaphane (0.36% (w/w)) | [36] | ||
B. rapa L. | Rapa L | Seeds | DCM | GC–MS | Phenylethylbrassinin and 3-phenylpropionitrile | [123] | |
RCN | Seed meal | 70% methanol | LC–MS | (R)-2-Hydroxy-3-butenyl (progoitrin), 4-methylsulfinylbutyl (glucoraphanin), 3-butenyl (gluconapin), 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethyl (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin), 4-pentenyl (glucobrassicanapin), 3-indolylmethyl (glucobrassicin), and N-methoxy-3-indolylmethy (neoglucobrassicin) | [51] | ||
B. juncea | Seeds | 5% ethyl alcohol | Allyl isothiocyanate (0.48% (w/w)) | [41] | |||
raya | Oil | Ethyl acetate | GC/GC–MS | GSLs hydrolytic products in ethyl acetate oil: allyl isothiocyanate (23% (w/w)), 2-phethyl isothiocyanate (~20% (w/w)), 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (18% (w/w)), 3-(methylthio) propyl isothiocyanate, allyl thiocyanate, and 1-isothiocyanato-3-methyl butane | [97] | ||
DCM | GC/GC–MS | GSLs hydrolytic products: phenethyl isothiocyanate (15.15% (w/w)), 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate (12.548% (w/w)), sec-butyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate, and isothiocyanic acid | |||||
Coss and Czern | Seeds | Methanol | 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR | 3 native glucosinolates isolated: p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolates, newly described in B. juncea seeds, and 2 new compounds 9-(methyl-sulfonyl) nonyl and 8-(methylsulfonyl) octyl glucosinolates | [118] | ||
Seeds | Double-distilled water (ddH2O) | HPLC | 4 aliphatic GLSs: sinigrin, progoitrin, gluconapin, and glucoiberin, 4 indolic GLSs: glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin, and one aromatic GLS: gluconasturtiin; sinigrin is the predominant GLS with 90% of total GLSs, followed by gluconapin | [114] | |||
Seeds | DCM | GC | Glucosinolates breakdown products (GBPs): 5 ITCs: [2-propenyl isothiocyanate, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 5-vinyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione, 3-methyl sulfinylpropyl isothiocyanate, and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate], 2 CNs: [3-butenenitrile and 4-pentenenitrile], and 3 EPNs: [3,4-epithiobutanenitrile, 4,5-epithiopentanenitrile, and 3-hydroxy-4,5-epithiopentanenitrile]; 2-propenyl isothiocyanate is the predominant individual GBP with 51–98% of total GBPs, followed by 3-butenenitrile, 3,4-epithiobutanenitrile, 3,4-epithiobutanenitrile, and 3-butenyl isothiocyanate. | ||||
B. hirta | Sinapis alba | Seeds | 5% ethyl alcohol | Allyl isothiocyanate (0.15% (w/w)) | [41] | ||
B. campestris | Isothiocyanates (ITCs) | Ethyl acetate | GC–MS | 3-BITC (3-butenyl isothiocyanate) contained (7.76% (w/w)) | [96] | ||
Carotenoids | B. oleracea | var. acephala | Seed oil | GC-FID, MS, HPLC-DAD, HPLC–MS, HPLC fluorescence | 13 carotenoids, with all-elutein as the main component | [35] | |
Amino acids | B. oleracea | italica cv. Legacy | Seeds | Hydrochloric acid | HPLC | Glutamic acid (7.28% (w/w)), asparagine (5.18% (w/w)), serine + histidine (3.42% (w/w)), proline (2.33% (w/w)), threonine (1.88% (w/w)), leucine (1.37% (w/w)), valine (1.03% (w/w)), tyrosine (0.95% (w/w)), phenylalanine (0.87% (w/w)), isoleucine (0.8% (w/w)), glycine (0.74% (w/w)), methionine (0.42% (w/w)), arginine (0.39% (w/w)), and alanine (0.23% (w/w)) | [36] |
Fatty acids | B. nigra | Cold-press oil | GC–MS | Methyl erucate (38.23% (w/w)), 8,11,14-docosatrienoic acid, methyl ester (23.72% (w/w)), 11-eicosenoic acid, methyl ester (15.82% (w/w)), and methyl linoleate (10.13% (w/w)) | [78] | ||
B. hirta | Cold-press oil | GC–MS | Methyl linoleate (68.19% (w/w)), methyl oleate (15.79% (w/w)), and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (10.51% (w/w)) | ||||
B. juncea | raya | Oil | Ethyl acetate and DCM | GC/GC–MS | Octadecenoic acid (5.67–23.3% (w/w)), hexaicenoic acid (4.98–20% (w/w)), butanedioic acid (1.6–16% (w/w)), and nonanedioic acid (4.73% (w/w)) | [97] | |
Organic acids | B. oleracea | var. costata | Seeds | H2O | HPLC-UV | 7 organic acids: aconitic (0.02% (w/w)), citric (0.47% (w/w)), ascorbic (0.86% (w/w)), malic + quinic (0.31% (w/w)), shikimic, and fumaric acids | [103] |
Sterols | B. juncea | Seeds | HPLC, GC, 1H-NMR | Sterol, 22-dehydrocampesterol [(24S)24-methylcholesta-5, E-22-dien-3β-ol], newly discovered in higher plants | [124] | ||
Essential oil | B. hirta | Sinapis alba | Essential oil | H2O | GC–MS and GC-FID | 2-methylbutyronitrile, 3-pentenenitrile, hexanal, furfural, 2-furanmethanol, cyclopropyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate, isobutyl isothiocyanate, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, benzene acetaldehyde, 3-methylbutyl isothiocyanate, 3-(methylthio) propyl cyanide, 2-phenylethyl cyanide, and 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate | [105] |
Cold-press oil | GC–MS | Cyclopropanenonanoic acid, 2-[(2-butylcyclopropyl) methyl] -, methyl ester (48.7% (w/w)), and hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester (42. 08% (w/w)) | [78] | ||||
B. oleracea | var. botrytis (L.), Romanesco group | Seed/volatile oil | DCM | GC and GC–MS | Natalino variety: 43 compounds (99.7% (w/w)), contained 10 cyanides (88.1% (w/w)), 10 isothiocyanates (8.8% (w/w)), and 8 aldehydes (1.3% (w/w)) Campid oglio variety: 41 compounds (99.6% (w/w)) contained 10 cyanides (92.3% (w/w)), 10 isothiocyanates (6.2% (w/w)), and 6 aldehydes (0.4% (w/w)) Navona variety: 32 compounds (99.5% (w/w)) contained 9 cyanides (91.0% (w/w)), 6 isothiocyanates (7.5% (w/w)), and 6 aldehydes (0.6% (w/w)) Cyanides: 2-methylpropyl cyanide, but-3-enyl cyanide, 3-methylbutyl cyanide, n-pentyl cyanide, 4-methylpentyl cyanide, n-hexyl cyanide, 3-(methylthio) propyl cyanide, benzyl cyanide, 4-(methylthio) butyl cyanide, and 2-phenylethyl cyanide. Isothiocyanates: allyl thiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate, 2-methylpropyl isothiocyanate, but-3-enyl isothiocyanate, 3-methylbutyl isothiocyanate, 4-methylpentyl isothiocyanate, 3-(methylthio)propyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, 4-(methylthio) butyl isothiocyanate, 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, and 5-(methylthio) pentyl isothiocyanate Aldehydes: hexanal, furfural; 3-(methylthio) propanal, phenylacetaldehyde, nonanal, non-2(E)-enal, deca-2(E),4(E)-dienal, and syringaldehyde The predominant compounds were cyanides: 4-(methylthio) butyl cyanide (61.3%, 66.3%, and 79.6% (w/w), respectively), 3-(methylthio) propyl cyanide (21.7%, 21.6%, and 10.7% (w/w)), and isothiocyanates: 4-(methylthio) butyl isothiocyanate (5.3%, 4.0%, and 6.7% (w/w)) for the three oils | [125] | |
B. tournefortii | Gouan | Volatile oil | diethyl ether | GC–MS | 14 compounds (76.1% (w/w)): propane, 1-isothiocyanato-3-(methylthio) (24.39% (w/w)), 2-propenal, 3-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl), ionone (1.7% (w/w)), aromadendrene (6.69% (w/w)), 2-pentadecanone,6,10,14-trimethyl, elimicin (1.864% (w/w)), 8,11-octadecanoic acid, methyl ester, α –bisabolol, 1-hexadecanol, hexadecanoic acid, di-2-propenyltetrasulfide (19.803%), n-heneicosane, 12-octadecanoic acid, and n-octadecanoic acid | [126] |
4. Pharmacological Properties of Brassica Genus Seeds
4.1. Antioxidant Activity
4.2. Cytotoxic Activity
4.3. Antimicrobial Activity
4.4. Antidiabetic Activity
4.5. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
4.6. Regulation of Metabolic Syndrome
4.7. Neuroprotective Activity
5. Toxicological Effects of Brassica Seeds
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Species | Subspecies/var. | Common Name |
---|---|---|
Brassica nigra | Koch L. | Black mustard |
Viridis | Collards | |
Brassica oleracea | Capitata F. alba | White cabbage |
Capitata F. rubra | Red or purple cabbage | |
Capitata L. | Green cabbage | |
Italica | Italian broccoli, Chinese broccoli | |
Gemmifera | Brussels sprouts | |
Sabellica L. | Curly kale | |
Acephala L. | Kale | |
Alboglabra | Chinese kale, kailan | |
Botrytis | Cauliflower, Italian cauliflower | |
Sabauda | Savoy cabbage | |
Gongylodes | Kohlrabi, stem turnip, Knol khol | |
Costata | Portuguese cole, Tronchuda cabbage | |
Brassica carinata | Ethiopian rapeseed | |
Brassica juncea | Czern L. | Mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard |
Coss L., | Green mustard | |
Integrifolia | Korean leaf mustard, multi-shoot mustard | |
Crispifolia | Curled mustard | |
Rosularis | Tatsoi | |
Brassica napus | Napobrassica | Oilseed rape, rape, canola |
Brassica hirta | Sinapis alba | White or yellow mustard |
Brassica tournefortii | Gouan | Asian mustard, Africain mustard |
Brassica rapa/campestris | Rapifera L./Rapa L. | Sarson, turnip rape, field mustard, bird, rape, canola, turnip top |
Pekinensis L. | Chinese cabbage | |
Parachinesis | Chines cabbage, Choi sum, Sawi |
Fatty Acid Composition in the Oil | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Oil Content | Palmitic Acid | Stearic Acid | Oleic Acid | Eicosenoic Acid | Linoleic Acid | Linolenic Acid | Erucic Acid | Reference |
B. nigra | 37.68 | 3.16 | 1.41 | 27.1 | 6.83 | 14.87 | 7.98 | 32.96 | [12,34] |
B. oleracea L. var. acephala | 10 | 10 | 10 | >50 | [35] | ||||
B. oleracea. L. var. italica cv. Legacy | 7.43 | 1.10 | 15.44 | 4.64 | 18.15 | 12.37 | 9.36 | [36] | |
B. rapa | 47.3 | 12 | 8–9 | 13 | 8–9 | 50–51 | [37] | ||
B. carinata | 40 | [38] | |||||||
B. napus | 42.8; 46.4 | 12 | 8–9 | 13 | 8–9 | 42–54 | [37,39] | ||
B. hirta | 14.55 | 9.67 | [40] | ||||||
Sinapis alba | 23.90 | [41] |
Species | Subspecies/var | Sample Analyzed | Extracting Solvent | DPPH | FRAP | ORAC | ABTS | ROS | Reducing Power | SOA | Hydroxyl Radical | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. nigra | Cold-press oil | Ethanol | 89.25% (10% oil–methanol) | 23.85% (10% oil–methanol) | [78] | |||||||
Seeds | Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol | 36.30% (1 mL of crude extracts) | [63] | |||||||||
B. oleracea | L. var. costata DC | Lyophilized extract | H2O | IC25 at 197 µg/mL | IC25 = 4 µg/mL | [103] | ||||||
italica | 5 day old sprout (PS5) Seeds | H2O | 94.25% (2 mg/mL) | [141] | ||||||||
Seeds (USA) | 50% acetone | 633.50 μM TE/g (133 mg/mL) | 175.88 μM TE/g (133 mg/mL) | [136] | ||||||||
botrytis | 5 day sprouts (C5D) 7 day sprouts (C7D) | DCM | 62.2%; 39.63% (2 mg/mL) | [134] | ||||||||
IC50 = 1510 µg/mL, IC50 = 2750 µg/mL | IC50 = 170 µg/mL, IC50 = 260 µg/mL | |||||||||||
Seeds | 80% methanol | 70% (25 µg/mL) | [142] | |||||||||
B. rapa | RCN | Seed meal | methanol | 2947.2 µmol/L (10 mg/L) | 1852.1 µmol/L (10 mg/L) | [51] | ||||||
Rapifera L. | (T5D) (T7D) | DCM | 21.98%; 40.45% (2 mg/mL) | [134] | ||||||||
IC50 = 5920 µg/mL, IC50 = 2780 µg/mL | IC50 = 53 µg/mL, IC50 = 0.32 µg/mL | |||||||||||
B. juncea | Seeds | 80% alcohol | IC50 = 103 µg/mL | [133] | ||||||||
L. Czern and Coss | Seeds | Hydromethanol (80:20 ratio) | IC50 = 103.37 µg AAE/mg | IC50 = 83.26 µg AAE/mg | IC50 = 1115 µM GAE/mL | IC50 = 83.05 µg GAE/mL | Post-treatment (700 µg/mL): 58.37 to 15.55% Pretreatment (1000 µg/mL): 90.5% | IC50 = 345.22 µg AAE/mg | [62] | |||
(M5D)/(M7D) | DCM | 40.78%; 19.67% (2 mg/mL) | [134] | |||||||||
IC50 = 2760 µg/mL, IC50 = 5790 µg/mL | IC50 = 59 µg/mL, IC50 = 463 µg/mL | |||||||||||
Seeds | Ethanol | 83.17% (200 mg/mL) | 60.57% (200 mg/mL) | [81] | ||||||||
Seeds | 30% ethanol, water | IC50 = 170 µg/mL, IC50 = 390 µg/mL | 75.5% 68.9% (50 mg/mL) | [120] | ||||||||
B. napus | Canola | Defatted oilseed cake | Methanol/acetone/water (MAW) | 33.03% (60 mg/mL) | 8.78 μmol Fe(II)/g FW (60 mg/mL) | [83] | ||||||
B. hirta | Seeds | H2O | 6.4 mg/g (75 mg/mL) | [76] | ||||||||
Sinapis alba | Cold-press oil | Ethanol | 94.24% (10% oil–methanol) | 8.92% (10% oil–methanol) | [78] | |||||||
B. tournefortii | Gouan | Essential oil | Diethyl ether | 45.17 vitamin C (IC50 = 75.28 µg/mL) | [126] |
Species | Subspecies/var | Sample Analyzed | Extracting Solvent | A-549 | MCF-7 | MDA-MB-231 | PC-3 | HeLa | HCT-116 | LAC | HepG-2 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. oleracea | capitata | ITCs: fraction II | Ethyl acetate, hexane | 27.32 | 23.85% (10% oil–methanol) | [160] | ||||||
ITCs: fraction III | 15.56 | |||||||||||
italica (broccoli) | Seeds | Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol | 14.38 mg/g | 19.45 mg/g | 10.38 mg/g | 26.75 mg/g | [96] | |||||
botrytis | Sprouts C5D; C7D | DCM | 95.57, 71.58 | [134] | ||||||||
B. rapa | Rapifera L. | 63.5, 43.61 | ||||||||||
B. juncea | raya | Volatile oil | Ethyl acetate, DCM | 32.93 | 37.16 | 54.73 | 67.25 | 61.50 | [97] | |||
L. Czern | M5D; M7D | DCM | 111.6, 81.11 | [134] | ||||||||
B. tournefortii | Gouan | Essential oil | Diethyl ether | 1.34 | 4.5 | [126] |
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Ayadi, J.; Debouba, M.; Rahmani, R.; Bouajila, J. Brassica Genus Seeds: A Review on Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Properties. Molecules 2022, 27, 6008. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186008
Ayadi J, Debouba M, Rahmani R, Bouajila J. Brassica Genus Seeds: A Review on Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Properties. Molecules. 2022; 27(18):6008. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186008
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyadi, Jawaher, Mohamed Debouba, Rami Rahmani, and Jalloul Bouajila. 2022. "Brassica Genus Seeds: A Review on Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Properties" Molecules 27, no. 18: 6008. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186008