Next Article in Journal
Simultaneous Preconcentration of Triazole Fungicide Residues Using In-Situ Coacervative Extraction Based on a Double-Solvent Supramolecular System Prior to High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis
Previous Article in Journal
Small Molecules for Enhancing the Precision and Safety of Genome Editing
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 27
Issue 19
10.3390/molecules27196268
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

13C-NMR Chemical Shifts in 1,3-Benzazoles as a Tautomeric Ratio Criterion

by
Efrén V. García-Báez
1,
Itzia I. Padilla-Martínez
1,
Alejandro Cruz
1,* and
Martha C. Rosales-Hernández
2
1
Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
2
Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6268; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196268
Submission received: 24 August 2022 / Revised: 14 September 2022 / Accepted: 18 September 2022 / Published: 23 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Structure)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Benzimidazole is an important heterocyclic fragment, present in many biologically active compounds with a great variety of therapeutic purposes. Most of the benzimidazole activities are explained through the existence of 1,3-tautomeric equilibrium. As the binding affinity of each tautomer to a protein target depends on an established bioactive conformation, the effect of tautomers on the ligand protein binding mechanism is determinant. In this work, we searched and analyzed a series of reported 13C-NMR spectra of benzazoles and benzazolidine-2-thiones with the purpose of estimating their tautomeric equilibrium. Herein, several approaches to determine this problem are presented, which makes it a good initial introduction to the non-expert reader. This chemical shift difference and C4/C7 signals of benzimidazolidine-2-thione and 1-methyl-2-thiomethylbenzimidazole as references were used in this work to quantitatively calculate, in solution, the pyrrole–pyridine tautomeric ratio in equilibrium. The analysis will help researchers to correctly assign the chemical shifts of benzimidazoles and to calculate their intracyclic or exocyclic tautomeric ratio as well as mesomeric proportion in benzimidazoles.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The tautomerism phenomenon is considered as a dynamic equilibrium between interconvertible structural isomers, named tautomers, with the migration of one atom or group. When a hydrogen atom migrates, the phenomenon is known as prototropy; however, other groups such as alkyl, aryl, acyl, cyano, halogens, amines, and nitro, as well as methals can migrate; Scheme 1 [1].
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most useful techniques to study tautomerism. The signals observed in the spectra depend on the activation energy between the tautomers, which determines their lifetimes and chemical shift difference (Δδ). When lifetimes are long, compared with 1/Δδ, a slow exchange regime gives rise to separate narrow signals for each of the tautomers. In this case, integration of the 1H-NMR signal intensities is the method of choice to study the tautomerism. For shorter lifetimes, the exchange is raised, leading to line broadening. Then, high magnetic fields and lower temperatures can be used to achieve slow exchange conditions. Interpolation is the method of choice when lifetimes are shorter than 1/Δδ, and fast exchange and signal coalescence predominate to give averaged narrow signals, but the NMR chemical shifts of the individual tautomers remain unknown. Four techniques have been used to solve this problem: (1) the use of blocked derivatives of individual tautomer, replacing the tautomeric proton by a methyl group, and performing a correction for the substituent effect; (2) the use of model compounds that exclusively exist in one tautomeric form; (3) the use of the properties measured in the solid state where only one tautomer exists, but phase effects should be considered; and (4) the use of theoretically calculated properties as GIAO absolute shielding, however, solvent effects are difficult to estimate.
Benzazoles (BZs) are constituted by a benzene ring fused to an oxazole (BO), thiazole (BT), or imidazole (BI) ring; left in Figure 1. A typical kind of tautomerism in BI is the relocation of a proton, known as annular tautomerism (a). BZs containing an exocyclic heteroatom, where a proton can migrate from cyclic nitrogen to an exocyclic heteroatom, retaining the aromaticity, represent an exocylic tautomerism (b); right in Figure 1.
In commercial databases, the presence of tautomeric duplicates has been found, and both tautomers are offered as different products [2]. On the other hand, different names for tautomers based on the IUPAC rules have been used [3]. In general, compounds with well-known tautomerism are named as the predominant tautomer at equilibrium. For example, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) is named as benzimidazolidinethione (BIT) or 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-thione (X = NH, Y = S); Figure 1.
The tautomeric interconversion with a low-energy barrier, in general, displays averaged signals in the NMR spectrum. To slow down the interconversion rate in solution, the following strategies are used: lowering temperature and/or the use of hexamethylphosphoramide-d18, which prevents the formation of hydrogen bonds. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the tautomeric equilibrium have been explored using dynamic NMR studies [4,5,6] Because of the wide range of chemical shifts and high sensitivity, 15N-NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the tautomerism of nitrogen in heteroaromatic compounds [7]. Solid-state NMR experiments [4] 4, X-ray crystallography [8,9,10], and 15N-NMR studies in DMSOd6 for both BIT and 1-MeBIT revealed that the thione form is the predominant tautomer [11]. Recently, Pandey et al. theoretically studied 5-MeOBIT using B3LYP methods with a 6-311++G (d, p) basis set. A comparison between the experimental and calculated structure as well as the calculated and experimental 1H and 13C chemical shifts showed a good correlation with the thione isomer [12].
Among the BZs, benzimidazole (BI) is the most known and the one whose tautomeric equilibria have been widely studied [4,5,6,7]. It has been stablished that, when a large substituent is bonded at the N1 position in 2-heterosubstituted BIs, two isomeric compounds exist because of the annular tautomerism. BI is an important heterocycle, present in several biologically active compounds. It has been found in progesterone receptor antagonists [13], luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists (leuprolide, goserelin, triptorelin) [14,15], antiviral (enviradine) [16,17], antiprotozoal [18,19], antimicrobial [20,21,22], analgesic and anti-inflammatory [23], anticonvulsant, antidiabetics [24], anthelmintics (albendazole, mebendazole, and thiabendazole), proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole), antihistaminic (astemizole), and antihypertensives (candesartan, cilexitil, and telmisartan), among others.
The binding affinity of each tautomer to a protein target depends on an established bioactive conformation. Therefore, the method proposed herein to calculate in solution the prototropic ratio in BZs, on the basis of the electronic effect of pyrrole like atom (NH = Npr) and pyridine like atom (Npd) on C4 and C7 chemical shift resonances, is very valuable. On the other hand, the method is also helpful to correctly assign the carbon atoms on the benzene ring.

2. Electronic Effects of Heteroatoms on Aromatic Rings

2.1. Influence of Benzene Ring Substituents in the 13C NMR Chemical Shifts

For clarity reasons, a brief introduction about the inductive and electronic effects of heteroatoms (X = N, O, S) on the 13C chemical shifts (δ) of the benzene ring [25] is required. Then, it is interesting to note that both NH2 and OH groups deshield the carbon atom to which they are attached, Ci (ipso), in 18.2 and 26.9 ppm, respectively, owing to a strong inductive effect. Conversely, the electronic delocalization of the free electron pairs of N and O atoms produces a considerable shielding electronic effect on Co (ortho) in 13.4 and 12.8 ppm, respectively, and Cp (para) in 10.0 and 7.4 ppm, respectively. The SH group shifts Ci, Co, and Cm (meta) to high frequencies in only 2.1 ppm, 0.7 ppm, and 0.3 ppm, respectively, but Cp to low frequency by 3.2 ppm. All comparisons are referenced to the δ of the benzene ring (128.0 ppm).
In this sense, the δC4 in the dibenzofused heteroaromatic compounds 1–3 (Table 1) appears at 111.6, 110.8, and 122.9 ppm for X = O, NH, and S, respectively [25]. As expected, the inductive effect of the heteroatom on Ci shifts δ to high frequencies, in agreement with the electronegativity of the heteroatom.

2.2. Effect of Heteroatoms on 13C-NMR of Benzazoles

From the reported 13C NMR data, listed in Table 2, it can be seen that heteroatom (X) exerts an inductive effect, deshielding C2, C3a, and C7a; Figure 2. On the contrary, the lone electron pair (lep) of the heteroatom X exerts a protective effect, shielding C7 through the electronic delocalization of the lep into the benzofused ring. In the case of BO (1), the oxygen atom shifts C7 to 110.8 ppm, while C4 at 120.5 ppm indicates that N3 (pyridine like nitrogen) exerts a very small electronic effect on this carbon because the lep are located out of the conjugated π-electron system. In BT 2, the δ of C7 at 123.6 and δC4 at 121.8 ppm are indicative of the very small shielding effect known for sulfur and pyridine like nitrogen atoms. For BI 3, X = NH, a set of four signals appear in the 13C NMR spectra, independently from the solvent used. The observed C2 symmetry is the result of tautomeric equilibrium, making C5 magnetically equivalent to C6, C4 to C7, and C3a to C7a. In BIs, the tautomeric species are the result of intermolecular proton transfer in solution from N1 to N3. Then, the signals of C4 and C7 appear at approximately 115.0 ppm, an intermediate δ value between a pyridine like nitrogen (N3) and pyrrole like nitrogen (N1). This observation can be interpreted as both nitrogen atoms in BIs being present in approximately a 1:1 proportion.
In general, in BIs 3, the tautomeric equilibrium is slowed down at low temperatures and/or the increasing polarity of solvents. In polar solvents, the equilibrium exchanging rate decreases and the four signals of BIs are broadened or sometimes disappear from the spectra [4]. The use of the high polar solvent HMPA-d8 makes the equilibrium exchange slow enough to observe seven signals of the most stable tautomer, in the 13C-NMR spectrum. For instance, the spectrum of BI, recorded in HMPA-d8, shows two different broad signals for C4 and C7 in 118.7 and 110.9 ppm, respectively, in close correspondence with the observed values in the solid state (CPMAS), at 119.9 and 112.2 ppm, respectively [4].
Within the above exposed background and the analysis of reported 13C-NMR data, herein, we expose the usefulness of C4 and C7 chemical shifts as a criterion to estimate the position of the tautomeric equilibrium in BIs.

3. Estimation of the Anular Tautomerism on Benzimidazol

The chemical shift reference values for the estimation of the tautomeric equilibrium were set using the 1-methyl-benzimidazole (1-MeBI, 4) as a model compound. In case 4, the tautomeric equilibrium is non-existent; therefore, a set of seven narrow signals are observed in CDCl3. The δC4 appears at 120.4 ppm, characteristic of an Npd effect, whereas the δC7 at 109.5 ppm is characteristic of an Npr effect. In DMSOd6, the δC4 and δC7 values are 119.2 and 110.1, respectively. Then, a good approximation for 100% of the pyridine like character of δC4 and 100% of the pyrrole like character of δC7 is 120.0 and 110.0 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the tautomeric proportion in BIs can be calculated on a base equal to 120.0 ppm for δC4ref (Npd) and 110.0 ppm for δC7ref (Npr) as reference values; Figure 2.
The tautomerism in BIs can be calculated considering that the observed chemical shift δobsC4/C7 is the result of the averaged C4 and C7 chemical shifts weighted by the respective molar fraction contributions xpd (pyridine character) and xpr (pyrrolic character). Equations (1)–(3) can be used to calculate the molar fractions of each tautomer; Figure 3.
δobs = (xpdδC4ref) + (xprδC7ref)
xpd= (δobs − δC7ref)/(δC4ref − δC7ref)
xpr = 1 − xpd
From the reported 13C data for BI 3, as well as their protonated and deprotonated derivatives, in DMSOd6 as solvent, Table 3 [30], the tautomeric proportion can be calculated. For BI, the δobs value is 116.3, then the estimation is 63% of the pyridine character (+N3H). In the case of δobs for protonated BI (118.3 ppm), a small effect of positive charge on nitrogen atoms shifts this signal to high frequencies in approximately 2.0 ppm. On the contrary, any effect of the negative charge on nitrogen in deprotonated BI was observed.
This approximation can be applied to 2-aminomethylbenzimidazole (2-AMBI); Scheme 2. In the work of Sierra-Centeno et al. [31], the acid–base equilibrium constants of 2AMBI were determined in aqueous solutions at 25 °C through 13C NMR spectroscopy, potentiometric and spectrophotometric techniques, as well as through theoretical methods. 13C NMR spectra were recorded for solutions of 0.1 M of 2-AMBI at pH values from 1.1 to 13.2, containing 10 % v/v of D2O. During the titration process, only five signals were observed. The sets of C5 and C6 signals were shifted approximately 7.0 ppm to lower frequencies and C2 and C3a/C7a in 10.0 and 15.5 ppm, respectively, to higher frequencies, whereas the set of C4/C7 signals remained almost constant at 114.5 ppm. Therefore, the BI heterocycle retains its 45% pyridine character independently from the pH.

4. Tautomers and Mesomers in 1- and 2-Substituted Benzimidazoles

4.1. Effects of the Contribution of Mesomeric Structures in 1-Substituted Benzimidazoles

This approximation can also be used to estimate the participation of mesomeric forms to the structure. Approximately the same pyrrole effect on C7 (109.5 ppm) for 1-MeBI 4 compared with C7 (110.4 ppm) of 1-phBI 5 in CDCl3 was observed; Table 4. However, in the spectrum of 5 obtained in DMSOd6, C7 appeared in 116.5 ppm, which can be explained as a solvent effect that stabilizes the electronic delocalization of the lep of N1 to the N-phenyl ring through the mesomeric form 5b, deshielding C7. Considering the δC7 value of 110 ppm to the resonance form 5a, the contribution of the resonance form 5b is estimated as 35% in DMSOd6. This effect is also observed for acylBI 6 even in CDCl3, whose mesomeric structures can be represented as 6a and 6b (approximately 50%).

4.2. Effects of the Contribution of Tautomers in 2-Substituted Benzimidazoles

In general, the δC2 in 13C NMR spectra for 2-alkyl-benzimidazoles (2-AkBIs) 7 is shifted to higher frequencies in 10–15 ppm compared with C2 in BI; Table 5. Moreover, C3a/C7a and C4/C7 appeared as broad signals with a tendency to coalesce with an increasing alkyl chain length [35].
The spectra of 2-MeBI 7 in CDCl3 showed a set of four sharp signals for the carbons of the BI moiety, characteristic of a tautomeric equilibrium. In contrast, the spectrum of 2-MeBI 7 in DMSOd6 showed a set of seven signals, characteristic of a non-symmetric BI ring. Because of the very slow dynamic phototropic equilibrium, δC4 and δC7 (117.8/110.5) appeared as broad separated signals, which indicate that 7a is anchoring to differentiate both pyridine and pyrrole nitrogen atoms. In these conditions, C3a and C7a are shifted 5.0 and 4.0 ppm to higher frequencies, respectively, compared with the spectra obtained in CDCl3.
In the case of 2-acylBIs 8, the formation of an NH∙∙∙O hydrogen bond (HB) anchors the molecule and the spectra showed a set of seven signals, being δC4 and δC7 at 122.0 and 112.0 ppm, respectively, characteristic of pyridine and pyrrole nitrogen atoms.
The 2-carboxylateBI 9 showed four signals of symmetrical BI in the 13C NMR spectra, whose tautomeric equilibrium 9a = 9b = 9c = 9d is demonstrated with the presence of the averaged value of C4/C7 signal in 116.3 ppm (about 60% pyridine nitrogen atom character 9a = 9b). This result is in accordance with the X-ray diffraction structure of this molecule found as a zwitterionic form in the solid state [36,37].
Table
Table 5. Effects of 2-subtituted groups on the benzimidazole ring.
Table 5. Effects of 2-subtituted groups on the benzimidazole ring.
Molecules 27 06268 i005
CompoundC2C3aC4C5C6C7C7aSolventRef.
7 (R = Me)151.3
151.2		138.3
143.5		114.4
117.8		122.2
120.7		122.2
121.2		114.4
110.5		138.3
134.3		CDCl3
DMSOd6		[38]
[33]
7 (R = Et)157.4139.4114.7122.7122.7114.7139.4DMSOd6[33]
7 (R = nPr)155.6138.7114.6122.0122.0114.6138.7CDCl3[33,39]
7 (R = iPr)142.3135.4118.9120.9121.7110.8134.4DMSOd6[33]
7 (R = Bn)151.8133.2114.0125.8125.8114.0133.2CDCl3[40]
7 (R = Ph)151.8144.4119.4123.0122.2111.8135.5DMSOd6[31]
8 (R = Me)147.7143.5122.1123.8122.1112.1126.6CDCl3[41]
8 (R = Ph)147.7143.9122.3126.5123.8112.0133.9CDCl3[39]
9144.9136.6116.3124.8124.8116.3136.6DMSOd6

5. Iminothiol-Thioamide Tautomerism and Mesomers in 1,3-Benzoheterazolidine-2-thiones

5.1. Tautomers and Mesomers in Benzothiazolidine Tione

Benzazolidine-2-thiones (BZTs) 10–13 are constituted by a benzene ring fused to oxazolidine-, thiazolidine-, or imidazolidine-2-thione rings. The tautomeric equilibria between thioamide (NHC=S) and iminethiol (NCSH), thione = thiol, in compounds 10–13 are shown in the scheme on Table 6. In these tautomeric equilibria, a hydrogen atom is exchanging from the endocyclic nitrogen to the exocyclic sulfur atom, with the consequent transformation of the endocyclic nitrogen atom from the pyrrole to pyridine character. This phenomenon has been described in the solid state [8,42,43,44,45,46]. Thermodynamic studies in solution have concluded that tautomeric equilibrium is shifted to the thione form in substituted benzene compounds [47,48,49]. The BZTs 10–13 and their corresponding 2-S-Methyl-benzazoles 14–17 (TMBZ) are interesting compounds with biological activity [50].
It has been established that compound 12 predominantly exists as the thione (BIT) form in polar solvents and in the solid state [8]. The proton is bonded to the more electronegative atom (NH) in the molecule. The formation of a strong NH hydrogen bond with the solvent or another molecule of 12 is preferred instead of the S-H bond [11]. Model compounds, whose tautomeric equilibria has been locked with an S-Me, compound 14-17, have been used to qualitatively estimate the tautomeric ratio. In addition, the formation of metallic complexes to stabilize the tautomers has also been reported [55,56].
In 1986, Balestero et al. quantitatively studied the thioamide/iminothiol tautomeric equilibria in BZTs 10–13 using the 15N-NMR spectroscopy. The advantage of this nucleus is its nuclear spin of ½, narrow lines, and a large chemical shift nitrogen difference between the tautomers (about 100 ppm) [11]. In DMSO solution, BZTs 10–13 were mainly in the thioamide form (NHC=S): BOT 10 (100%), BTT 11 (99%), BIT 12 (92%), and 1-MeBIT 13 (98%). However, because this tautomeric ratio depends on the temperature, concentration, and solvent polarity, these values could change with the experimental conditions.
The analysis of thioamide/iminothiol tautomerism has been performed on the bases of the reported 13C-NMR spectra of BZTs 10–13 and their respective TMBZs 14–17; Table 6. In the 13C-NMR spectra of BIT 12, four signals were found in DMSOd6, in agreement with the thione tautomer 12a. The X-ray diffraction structure reported for 12a agrees with these results [42].
On these bases, the observed C4/C7 chemical shift at 109.6 ppm of BIT 12a is a good reference value for the pyrrole tautomer δC7ref. On the other hand, δC4 of TMBI 16 at −65 °C can be used as the pyridine reference. Despite that a set of seven signals appeared in the spectra at −65 °C, Table 7, the system is not completely frozen because δC4obs and δC7obs were at 117.8 and 110.9 ppm, respectively [57]. However, these data can be extrapolated to determine δC4ref; for this, we used the δC7ref reference value (109.6 ppm) to calculate the difference: δC7obs − δC7ref (110.9 − 109.6 = 1.3 ppm), which was used to determine the δC4ref = δC4obs + 1.3 = 117.8 + 1.3 = 119.1 ppm.
The thioamide/iminothiol tautomerism of BZTs 10–13 can be estimated with the equation proposed by Balestrero et al. [11] for 15N-NMR data, applied to 13C chemical shift using values of δC4ref and δC7ref, obtained from reference model compounds weighted by the respective molar fractions, as stated through previously described Equations (1)–(3).
The spectra of TMBI 16 were obtained in CDCl3 and DMSOd6 at 27 °C. In both cases, only four signals were in the spectra, indicating the presence of a symmetric structure in tautomeric equilibrium; Table 7. The use of Equation (2) to calculate each tautomeric ratio indicates that compound 16 is present in 57% in CDCl3 and 58% in DMSOd6 as the NH tautomer. The spectra of compound 16 obtained in DMF-d7 at −65 °C showed a set of six separated signals, and C4 and C7 were observed in 117.8 and 110.9 ppm, respectively. In this case, from δC4obs = 117.8 ppm, the N tautomer is calculated in 86.3%, whereas from δC7obs = 110.9 ppm, the NH tautomer is calculated in only 13.7%. The same references were used to calculate the tautomeric ratio of compounds 10–17; Table 6.

5.2. C4/C7 13C NMR Chemical Shifts of 1,3-Benzoheterazolidine-2-tiones in Iminothiol-Thioamide Tautomerism and Benzimidazolidine-2-selone Mesomerism

Both X and N heteroatoms of BZTs 10–13 exert the respective shielding electronic effect—X atom on C7 and C5, and N atom on C4 and C6, as represented in Figure 4.
In the 13C-NMR spectrum of BOT 10 in CDCl3, the oxygen and nitrogen atoms exert a shielding electronic effect, shifting C7 to 110.5 ppm and C4 to 110.2 ppm. In this case, δC4ref = 120.5 referenced to BO and δC7ref = 109.6 ppm referenced to BIT 12, and using Equation (2) for compound 10 with δC4obs = 110.2 resulted in 95% of the pyrrolic character. Then, the endocyclic nitrogen atom is mainly tautomer 10a, Table 6, near to that calculated by Balestrero et al. in 1986 [11]. In DMSOd6, δC4 appeared at higher frequencies than in chloroform, because of the change in the tautomeric mixture of the pyrrole 10a (67%) and pyridine 10b (33%) character, evaluated through δC4obs = 113.2 ppm.
In the same solvent, for BTT 11, no considerable shielding electronic effect of sulfur atom was observed on C7 (121.6 ppm) compared with that of BT 2 (123.6 ppm). However, the nitrogen atom shifted C4 to 112.3 ppm compared with 121.8 ppm in BT 2 (δC4Nr), allowing to estimate 77% of pyrrole tautomer 11a. In the case of the TMBZs 14, 15, and 17, their C4 observed values were found in 118.1, 121.7, and 117.4 ppm, respectively. Taking into account the C4 (119.1 ppm) and C7 (109.6 ppm) reference values, the proportion of their mesomeric form b with pyrrole negative nitrogen atoms was calculated as a minor proportion in 10.5%, 2.4%, and 17.9%, respectively, in DMSO-d6; Table 6.
Braun et al. [59] reported the synthesis of 1-EtBIT, analogous to compound 13. A set of seven signals were found in the spectra of this compound in DMSOd6; the chemical shifts of C3a and C7a are at 131.9 and 130.7, C4 and C7 are at 109.6/109.3, C5 and C6 in 122.2 and 122.1, and C2 = S at 167.6 ppm, respectively. We can see that the two nitrogen atoms are in pyrrole form, indicating the NH tautomer to be present in 100%.
Palmer et al. [58] synthetized 1-alkylbenzimidazolidine-2-selenones (1-AkBISe) 18 and 19 and their corresponding diselenides 20 and 21. In the X-ray diffraction structural analysis of 1-MeBISe 18 and 1-tBuBISe 19, the hydrogen atom was located on the N atom (NH), demonstrating the structure to be the selenone tautomer. The density functional theory (B3LYP) calculations indicated that selenones are more stable than the selenol tautomers. Moreover, these data indicated that the selone is best represented as a C+–Se- zwitterion instead of as a C=Se double bond. This was confirmed in the 13C-NMR spectrum obtained in DMSOd6 (Table 7); both N1 and N3 atoms in 1-MeBISe 18 are mainly as pyrrole, producing the protecting effect on C4/C7 (110.0 ppm). Mesomer 18a was calculated in 95.8% in equilibrium with the mesomer 18b (4.2%). On the other hand, the tBuBISe 19 showed separate signals for C4/C7 (114.4/109.9 ppm), indicating, on this basis, the reference values (119.1 and 109.6 ppm) and, for C4obs, the presence of mesomeric forms 19a/19b in a 49.5/50.5 ratio. Eventually, mesomers 18c and 19c are present in a minor proportion. In the case of diselenides 20 and 21, C7 in 120.4 and 118.8 ppm is indicative that NR atoms are principally the pyridine type. Then, their δC4 chemical shifts at 110.5 and 114.1 ppm, respectively, show the pyridine character of N3. On the basis of these observed chemical shifts, mesomers 20a/20b was calculated in a 90.5/9.5% ratio and 21a/21b in a 52.7/47.3% ratio. The presence of negative charge on N3 in tautomers 20b and 21b was confirmed because C3a is shifted approximately 13.0 ppm to higher frequencies, as the same carbon atom (~147.0 ppm) was shifted 8.0 ppm in the deprotonated BI spectrum in Table 3.

5.3. Mesomerism in N1-acyl-1,3-benzoheterazolidine-2-thiones

Some examples about N1-acyl-BZT 22–25 were found in the literature and the 13C NMR data are listed in Table 8. In the case of compound 22, δC4 at 115.8 ppm indicates the presence of the mesomers 22a/22b in approximately a 65/35 proportion. However, compound 23 shows the presence of two separated signals for C4 and C7 in 114.3 and 108.5 ppm, respectively. The last signal corresponds to a pyrrole N1H atom (tautomer 23a). The signal in 114.3 ppm indicates that this molecule is in the mesomeric forms 23a and 23b, which contribute to the whole structure in approximately a 50/50 proportion. The same mesomers in approximately a 67/43 proportion were observed for compound 24a/24b (C4 in 115.0 ppm, C7 in 109.4 ppm). In compound 25, four signals of a symmetric BI ring were observed on the spectra C4/C7 in 113.2 ppm, indicating the mesomer 22a is present in a major proportion.

5.4. Tautomeric Equilibrium in Omeprazole

In 2004, Claramunt et al. [4] reported the 1H and 13C NMR spectrum of Omeprazole in THF-d8 at −78 °C. The integration of 1H NMR signals led to the 37/63 ratio of the two tautomers 26a/26b; Table 9. However, on the basis of the reported 13C NMR data, Table 9, we proposed the presence of two tautomeric pairs in equilibrium 26a/26b and 26c/26d, which form six-membered NH∙∙∙N and five-membered NH∙∙∙O hydrogen bonding interactions, respectively. Each tautomeric pair is represented by one of the two sets of signals reported. The δC7obs value at 113.1 ppm and Equation (2) allowed us to estimate that the pair 26a/26b represents 63% of the four tautomers, with 26b being in a major proportion because C7 (101.1 ppm) is affected by both OMe and Npr atoms. The remaining 37% corresponds to the pair 26c = 26d, where δC7 in 94 ppm represents the presence of 26c as the main tautomer. This was considered because, in this case, C7 in 26c suffers the electronic effect of both MeO oxygen atom and NH pyrrole nitrogen. On the other hand, the δC4 at 121.6 ppm is characteristic of a Npd electronic effect.

6. Conclusions

In BI derivatives, the C4/C7 chemical shift values are sensitive to the phototropic tautomeric equilibrium: N3=C2-N1-H/H-N1=C2-N3. In general, these carbon atoms are shifted from 120 to 110 ppm, which involves the change in the nitrogen atom character from pyridine N3 to pyrrole N1-H, increasing the shielding electronic effect on C3a and C7 in the whole process.
In the protonated BI (HBI+), no electronic effect is induced by the =N-H+ nitrogen atom on C4/7; however, an inductive electronic effect shifts C3a/7a to low frequencies. The N-pyridine nitrogen atom, in deprotonated benzimidazole (BI−), exerts a protective electronic effect on C4/7 and C5/6, and deshields C2 and C3a/7a, shifting them to high frequencies.
In N-AkBIs, both =N3 pyridine nitrogen (δC4 = 120 ppm) and N-R pyrrole nitrogen atom (δC7 = 110 ppm) are present in the molecule.
On the other hand, any carbonyl group bonded to the pyrrolic nitrogen atom diminishes the electronic delocalization into the aromatic system, decreasing the electronic effect on C7. The N-phenyl ring was found to be perpendicular to the BI plane when the spectra is obtained in CDCl3. Meanwhile, in DMSOd6, the phenyl ring is in the same BI plane with the consequent deshielding effect on C7.
Upon increasing the alkyl chain in 2-AkBIs in CDCl3, C3a/7a and C4/7 appeared as broad signals with tendency to disappear (coalescence). An acyl group bonded to C2 in BI favors the NH tautomer owing to an N-H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonding formation.
The C4 chemical shift of BIT (δC4ref = 119.1 ppm) and the corrected C4 chemical shift of 1-MeTMBI (δC4ref = 109.6 ppm) were used as references in Equation (2) to calculate the tautomeric ratio in BI derivatives.
The concepts for BIs can be applied to the nitrogen atom in benzoxazole and benzothiazole derivatives; for instance, in the case of BZTs, C4 and C7a were found to be shifted in about 10.0 and 4.0 ppm, respectively, to low frequencies when the nitrogen atom change from the pyridine to pyrrole type. On the other hand, alkyl groups bonded to a BOTs or BTTs nitrogen atom, C4, suffer the whole protective electronic effect of N1-R pyrrole nitrogen atom, shifting C4 to low frequencies (110 ppm).
The proposal criterion about the electronic effects on the 13C chemical shifts of the heteroatoms on the aromatic ring in benzazoles can be used to the correct assignment of any substituted benzazole derivatives as well as to estimate the proportion of the tautomeric species.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, validation, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, A.C. and I.I.P.-M.; investigation and data curation, E.V.G.-B. and M.C.R.-H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

A.C. thanks the Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (SIP-IPN) for financial support, grant no. 20220682.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Elguero, J. Una Aproximación a la Tautomería de los Heterociclos Aromáticos. Rev. Soc. Quíim. Perú. 2020, 86, 452–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Guasch, L.; Yapamudiyansel, W.; Peach, M.L.; Kelley, J.A.; Barchi, J.J.; Nicklaus, M.C. Experimental and Chemoinformatics Study of Tautomerism in a Database of Commercially Available Screening Samples. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2016, 56, 2149–2161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Proj, M.; Sosič, I.; Gobec, S. Synthesis and NMR spectroscopic assignment of chlorinated benzimidazole-2-thione derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett. 2019, 60, 151078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Nieto, C.I.; Cabildo, P.; García, M.A.; Claramunt, R.M.; Alkorta, I.; Elguero, J. An experimental and theoretical NMR study of NH-benzimidazoles in solution and in the solid state: Proton transfer and tautomerism. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1620–1629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. García, M.A.; Claramunt, R.M.; Solcân, T.; Milata, V.; Alkorta, I.; Elguero, J. 13C and 15N NMR spectra of aminobenzimidazoles in solution and in the solid state. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2009, 47, 100–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Claramunt, R.M.; López, C.; Alkorta, I.; Elguero, J.; Yang, R.; Schulman, S. The tautomerism of Omeprazole in solution: A 1H and 13C NMR study. Magn. Reson Chem. 2004, 42, 712–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Larina, L.I. Chapter Five, Tautomerism and Structure of Azoles: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. In Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 233–321. [Google Scholar]
  8. Form, G.R.; Raper, E.S.; Downie, T.C. The Crystal and Molecular Structure of 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole. Acta Crystallogr. 1976, B32, 345–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Khan, H.; Badshah, A.; Shaheen, F.; Gieck, C.; Qureshi, R.A. 1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole-2(3H)-thione. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. E. Struct. Rep. Online 2008, 6, o1141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Palomo-Molina, J.; García-Báez, E.V.; Contreras, R.; Pineda-Urbina, K.; Ramos-Organillo, A. Aminosilanes derived from 1H-benzimidazole-2(3H)-thione. Acta Cryst. Struct. Chem. 2015, C71, 788–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Balestrero, R.S.; Forkey, D.M.; Russell, J.G. Iminol-Thioamide Tautomerism of 2-mercaptobenzazoles and 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazoles. Magn. Reson. Chem. 1986, 24, 651–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Pandey, M.; Muthu, S.; Gowda, N.N.M. Quantum mechanical and spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman,1H,13C NMR, UV-Vis) studies, NBO, NLO, HOMO, LUMO and Fukui function analysis of 5-Methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2(3H)-thione by DFT studies. J. Mol. Struct. 2017, 1130, 511–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Zhang, P.; Terefenko, E.; Kern, J.; Fensome, A.; Trybulski, E.; Unwalla, R.; Wrobel, J.; Lockhead, S.; Zhu, Y.; Cohen, J.; et al. 5-(3-Cyclopentyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbonitrile: A novel, highly potent, selective, and orally active non-steroidal progesterone receptor agonist. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 6556–6564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Hashimoto, K.; Tatsuta, M.; Kataoka, M.; Yasoshima, K.; Shogase, Y.; Shimazaki, M.; Yura, T.; Li, Y.; Yamamoto, N.; Gupta, J.B.; et al. Benzimidazole derivatives as novel nonpeptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonists. Part 1: Benzimidazole-5-sulfonamides. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 799–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Tatsuta, M.; Kataoka, M.; Yasoshima, K.; Sakakibara, S.; Shogase, Y.; Shimazaki, M.; Yura, T.; Li, Y.; Yamamoto, N.; Gupta, J.; et al. Benzimidazoles as non-peptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonists. Part 3: Discovery of 1-(1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)-3-tert-butylurea derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 2265–2269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Gardiner, J.M.; Loyns, C.R. Synthesis of novel 1-, 1,4- and 1,7-substituted 2-mercapto- and 2-methylmercapto- benzimidazoles: Acyclic analogues of the HIV-1 RT inhibitor, TIBO. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 11515–11530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Hwu, J.R.; Singha, R.; Hong, S.C.; Chang, Y.H.; Das, A.R.; Vliegen, I.; De Clercq, E.; Neyts, J. Synthesis of new benzimidazole–coumarin conjugates as anti-hepatitis C virus agents. Antivir. Res. 2008, 77, 157–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Mavrova, A.T.; Vuchev, K.; Anichina, K.; Vassilev, N. Synthesis, antitrichinnellosis and antiprotozoal activity of some novel thieno [2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones containing benzimidazole ring. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 5856–5861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Pérez-Villanueva, J.; Hernández-Campos, A.; Yépez-Mulia, L.; Méndez-Cuesta, C.; Méndez-Lucio, O.; Hernández-Luis, F.; Castillo, R. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of novel 2-{[2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]sulfanyl}-1H-benzimidazole derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2013, 23, 4221–4224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Desai, K.G.; Desai, K.R. Green route for the heterocyclization of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole into β-lactum segment derivatives containing –CONH– bridge with benzimidazole: Screening in vitro antimicrobial activity with various microorganisms. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 8271–8279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Márquez-Navarro, A.; Nogueda-Torres, B.; Hernández-Campos, A.; Soria-Arteche, O.; Castillo, R.; Rodríguez-Morales, S.; Yépez-Mulia, L.; Hernández-Luis, F. Anthelmintic activity of benzimidazole derivatives against Toxocara canis second-stage larvae and Hymenolepis nana adults. Acta Trop. 2009, 109, 232–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Kazimierczuk, Z.; Andrzejewska, M.; Kaustova, J.; Klimešova, V. Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 2-substituted halogenobenzimidazoles. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2005, 40, 203–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Kankala, S.; Kankala, R.K.; Gundepaka, P.; Thota, N.; Nerella, S.; Gangula, M.R.; Guguloth, H.; Kagga, M.; Vadde, R.; Vasam, C.S. Regioselective synthesis of isoxazole–mercaptobenzimidazole hybrids and their in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity studies. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2013, 23, 1306–1309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Shingalapur, R.V.; Hosamani, K.M.; Keri, R.S.; Hugar, M.H. Derivatives of benzimidazole pharmacophore: Synthesis, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic and DNA cleavage studies. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 1753–1759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Pretsch, E.; Clerc, T.; Seibl, J.; Simon, W. Tablas Para la Determinación Estructural por Métodos Espectroscópicos; Herrera-Fernández, A., Martínez-Alvarez, R., Eds.; Springer-Verlag Ibérica: Barcelona, Spain, 1998; pp. 83–84, 93–94, 96. [Google Scholar]
  26. Takahiro, I.; Toshiaki, M. A Novel Practical Synthesis of Benzothiazoles via Pd-Catalyzed Thiol Cross-Coupling. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 3687–3689. [Google Scholar]
  27. Khaksar, S.; Heydari, A.; Tajbakhsh, M.; Vahdat, S.M. Lewis acid catalyst free synthesis of benzimidazoles and formamidines in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol. J. Fluor. Chem. 2010, 131, 1377–1381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Alkorta, I.; Sánchez-Sanz, G.; Trujillo, T.; Elguero, J.; Claramunt, R.M. A theoretical study of the parent NH-benzazoles (benzimidazoles, indazoles and benzotriazoles): Geometries, energies, acidity and basicity, NMR properties and molecular electrostatic potentials. ARKIVOC 2012, 2, 85–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Graham, T.H.; Liu, W.; Shen, D.M. A Method for the Reductive Scission of Heterocyclic Thioethers. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 6232–6235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Ceniceros-Gómez, A.E.; Ramos-Organillo, A.; Hernández-Díaz, J.; Nieto-Martínez, J.; Contreras, R.; Castillo-Blum, S.E. NMR Study of the Coordinating Behavior of 2,6-bis(Benzimidazol-2’-yl)pyridine. Heteroat. Chem. 2000, 11, 392–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Sierra-Zenteno, A.; Galán-Vidal, C.A.; Tapia-Benavides, R. Acid-base equilibrium studies of 2-(aminomethyl)benzimidazole in aqueous solution. Rev. Soc. Quím. Méx. 2002, 46, 125–130. [Google Scholar]
  32. Koseki, D.; Aoto, E.; Shoji, T.; Watanabe, K.; In, Y.; Kita, Y.; Doh, T. Efficient N-arylation of azole compounds utilizing selective aryl-transfer TMP-iodonium(III) reagents. Tetrahedron Lett. 2019, 60, 1281–1286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Saha, M.; Das, A.R. I2/TBHP promoted oxidative C–N bond formation at room temperature: Divergent access of 2-substituted benzimidazoles involving ring distortion. Tetrahedron Lett. 2018, 59, 2520–2525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Chen, Z.Z.; Tang, Y.; Zuo, L.; Tang, D.Y.; Zhang, J.; Xu, Z.G. Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Benzimidazole and Quinoxalin-2(1H)-one Scaffolds via Two-Component Coupling Reaction, Deprotection and Intermolecular cyclization. Synlett 2014, 25, 2518–2520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. She, J.; Jiang, Z.; Wang, Y. One-Pot Synthesis of Functionalized Benzimidazoles and 1H-Pyrimidines via Cascade Reactions of o-Aminoanilines or Naphthalene-1,8-diamine with Alkynes and p-Tolylsulfonyl Azide. Synlet 2009, 12, 2023–2027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Krawzyk, S.; Gdaniec, M.; Saczewski, F. 1H-Benzimidazol-3-ium-2-carboxylate dehydrate. Acta Cryst. 2005, E61, o4185–o4187. [Google Scholar]
  37. Yao, X.J.; Qian Yuan, Q. 1H-Benzimidazol-3-ium-2-carboxylate dihydrate. Acta Cryst. 2011, E67, o1399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Mahajabeena, P.; Chadha, A. A novel green route for the synthesis of N-phenylacetamides, benzimidazoles and acridinediones using Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 21972–21980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Majumdar, S.; Chakraborty, A.; Bhattacharjee, S.; Debnath, S.; Maiti, D.K. Silica-ferric chloride (SiO2–FeCl3) catalyzed selective synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazole through Csp2Csp3 bond cleavage of β-ketoester/amide. Tetrahedron Lett. 2016, 57, 4595–4598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Dos Santos, A.; El Kaim, L.; Grimaud, L. Metal-free aerobic oxidation of benzazole derivatives. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013, 11, 3282–3287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Marko, J.A.; Durham, A.; Bretz, S.L.; Liu, W. Electrochemical benzylic oxidation of C–H bonds. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 937–940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Rao, C.N.R.; Venkataraghavan, R.; Kasturi, T.R. Contribution to the Infrared Spectra of Organosulphur Compounds. Can. J. Chem. 1964, 42, 36–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Elguero, J.; Marzin, C.; Katritsky, A.R.; Linda, P. The Tautomerism of Heterocycles; Academic Press Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1976; p. 397. [Google Scholar]
  44. Groth, P. Crystal Structure of Some Benzoxazoline Derivatives. Acta Chem. Scand. 1973, 27, 945–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Chesick, J.P.; Donohue, J. The molecular and crystal structure of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. Acta Crystallogr. 1971, B27, 1441–1444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Prusiner, P.; Sundaralingam, M. Crystal and Molecular Structure of 2-thio-1-(b-D-ribofuranosyl)-3H-benzimidazole. Acta Crystallogr. 1973, B29, 2328–2334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Faure, R.; Vincent, E.J.; Assef, G.; Kister, J. Effets de Substituants en Série Diazolique et Diazinique-1,3—Etude par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire du Carbone-13. Metzg. J. Magn. Reson. Chem. 1977, 9, 688–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Faure, R.; Elguero, J.; Vincent, E.J.; Lazaro, R. Etudes d’Hétérocycles Pentagonaux Polyhétéroatomiques par RMN du 13C. Effets de Substituant, de la Benzocondensation et Etude de la Tautomèrie Prototropique en Série Benzothiazolique. Magn. Reson. Chem. 1978, 11, 617–627. [Google Scholar]
  49. Cumper, C.W.N.; Pickering, G.D. Electric dipole moments of some imidazolin-2(3H)-ones, benzimidazol-2(3H)-ones, and analogous thiones. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1972, 2, 2045–2048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Vasava, M.S.; Rathwa, S.K.; Jethava, D.J.; Acharya, P.T.; Patela, D.B.; Patel, H.D. Benzimidazole: A milestone in the field of medicinal chemistry. Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2020, 20, 532–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Ziemkowska, W.; Skałkowska, J.; Ochal, Z.; Cyranski, M.K.; Dobrzycki, L.; Madura, I.; Zachara, J. Role of Lewis bases in reactions of aluminum and gallium trialkyls with 2-mercaptobenzoxazole. J. Organomet. Chem. 2015, 776, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Bethge, L.; Venkatrao, D.; Seitz, O. New cyanine dyes as base surrogates in PNA: Forced intercalation probes (FIT-probes) for homogeneous SNP detection. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 114–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Ramos, R.O.A.; Mojica, S.J.P.; Valcárcel, G.J.A.; Obledo, B.F.; Macías, H.C.E.; Sumaya, M.M.T.; Martínez, M.F.J.; Gómez, S.Z.; Ramos-Organillo, A. Synthesis of novel amides with antiradical capacity from 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and cinnamic acids: Evaluation through donor-acceptor maps and QSAR. J. Mol. Struct. 2021, 1223, 128917. [Google Scholar]
  54. Geng, X.; Liu, S.; Wang, W.; Qu, J.; Wang, B. tert-Amino Effect-Promoted Rearrangement of Aryl Isothiocyanate: A Versatile Approach to Benzimidazothiazepines and Benzimidazothioethers. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 85, 12635–12643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Colacio, E.; Romerosa, A.; Ruiz, J.; Román, P.; Gutíerrez-Zorrilla, J.M.; Vegas, A.; Martínez-Ripoll, M. Gold(I) phosphine complexes: Mercaptooxopurine base interactions. Molecular and crystal structure of (8-mercaptotheophyllinato-S)(triphenylphosphine)gold(I). Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 3743–3749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Vicente, J.; Chicote, M.T.; González-Herrero, P.; Jones, P.G. Complexes with S-donor ligands. Part 2. Synthesis of anionic bis(thiolato)gold(I) complexes. Crystal structure of [N(PPh3)2][Au(SR)2](R = benzoxazol-2-yl). J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1994, 21, 3183–3187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Aguilar, C.H. Síntesis y Reactividad de Benzoderivados-2-tiona y Benzoderivados-2-methylmercapto con el BH3-THF. Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Veracruzana, Posa Rica, Veracruz, México, 1996. [Google Scholar]
  58. Palmer, J.H.; Parkin, G. 2-Seleno-1-alkylbenzimidazoles and their diselenides: Synthesis and structural characterization of a 2-seleno-1-methylbenzimidazole complex of mercury. Polyhedron 2013, 52, 658–668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Braun, S.; Botzki, A.; Salmen, S.; Textor, C.; Bernhardt, G.; Dove, S.; Buschauer, A. Design of benzimidazole- and benzoxazole-2-thione derivatives as inhibitors of bacterial hyaluronan lyase. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 4419–4429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  60. El Ashry, E.S.H.; El Kilany, Y.; Nariman, M.; Nahas, N.M.; Barakat, A.; Al-Qurashi, N.; Hazem, A.; Ghabbour, H.A.; Fun, H.K. Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Benzimidazole-2-thione Derivatives by Alkylation Reactions. Molecules 2016, 21, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Obledo-Benicio, F.; Magaña-Vergara, N.E.; Pineda-Urbina, K.; Perez, D.J.; Romero-Chavez, M.M.; Mojica-Sanchez, J.P.; Ramos-Rodríguez, O.R.; Ramos-Organillo, A. Structural analysis of intramolecular 1,5-type O/OandS/Ointeractions in diethyl 2-oxo and diethyl 2-thioxo-1H benzo[d]imidazole-1,3(2H)-dicarboxylate: Experimental and theoretical study. J. Mol. Struct. 2020, 1209, 127929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Molecules 27 06268 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Tautomeric equilibria in organic compounds.
Scheme 1. Tautomeric equilibria in organic compounds.
Molecules 27 06268 sch001
Molecules 27 06268 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) Intracyclic and (b) exocyclic tautomerism in benzazoles (BZs).
Figure 1. (a) Intracyclic and (b) exocyclic tautomerism in benzazoles (BZs).
Molecules 27 06268 g001
Molecules 27 06268 g002 550
Figure 2. Effect of heteroatom X on C7 and C5 in 1,3-benzoheterazoles 1–3.
Figure 2. Effect of heteroatom X on C7 and C5 in 1,3-benzoheterazoles 1–3.
Molecules 27 06268 g002
Molecules 27 06268 g003 550
Figure 3. 13C chemical shifts as references to calculate the tautomeric proportion of pyrrole–pyridine nitrogen atoms.
Figure 3. 13C chemical shifts as references to calculate the tautomeric proportion of pyrrole–pyridine nitrogen atoms.
Molecules 27 06268 g003
Molecules 27 06268 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Titration process of 2-(aminomethyl)benzimidazole dihydrochloride.
Scheme 2. Titration process of 2-(aminomethyl)benzimidazole dihydrochloride.
Molecules 27 06268 sch002
Molecules 27 06268 g004 550
Figure 4. X and NH shielding electronic effect on the 1,3-benzazolidine-2-thione aromatic ring.
Figure 4. X and NH shielding electronic effect on the 1,3-benzazolidine-2-thione aromatic ring.
Molecules 27 06268 g004
Table
Table 1. Effect of heteroatom X on δ-13C in dibenzofused heteroaromatic compounds.
Table 1. Effect of heteroatom X on δ-13C in dibenzofused heteroaromatic compounds.
Molecules 27 06268 i001
δ-13C
Comp.C1aC1C2C3C4C4a
1 (X = O)124.2120.6122.6127.0111.6156.2
2 (X = S)134.9121.9124.6127.0122.9138.5
3 (X = NH)122.6120.0118.4125.4110.8139.6
Table
Table 2. 13C NMR resonances of 1,3-benzazoles.
Table 2. 13C NMR resonances of 1,3-benzazoles.
Molecules 27 06268 i002
Comp.C2C3aC4C5C6C7C7aSolv.Ref.
1 (X = O)152.6140.1120.5125.4124.4110.8150.5CDCl3[25]
2 (X = S)153.8153.2121.8126.1125.4123.6133.6CDCl3[25,26]
140.5137.1115.3121.3121.3115.3137.1CDCl3[25,27]
141.1137.4114.8122.7122.1114.8137.4CD3OD[28]
3 (X = NH)141.9138.4115.3121.7121.7115.3138.4DMSOd6[4]
141.6143.4118.7121.2120.1110.9133.7HMPAd18[4]
142.6143.0119.9122.1123.0112.2136.1Solid[4]
4 (X = NMe)143.9143.7120.4123.1122.2109.5134.7CDCl3[29]
144.5143.3119.2122.3121.1110.1134.5DMSOd6[4]
Table
Table 3. Protonation and deprotonation of BMZ 13C in DMSOd6.
Table 3. Protonation and deprotonation of BMZ 13C in DMSOd6.
Molecules 27 06268 i003
Comp.C2C3aC4C5C6C7C7a
3a/3b142.5139.0116.3122.3122.3116.3139.0
[3c/3d]+143.6133.8118.3130.0130.0118.3133.8
[3d/3f]− Na+153.1146.9116.4116.7116.7116.4146.9
[3d/3f]− Li+153.5147.0116.8117.0117.0116.8147.0
Table
Table 4. 13C NMR resonances of 1-substituted benzimidazoles.
Table 4. 13C NMR resonances of 1-substituted benzimidazoles.
Molecules 27 06268 i004
Comp.C2C3aC4C5C6C7C7aSolventRef.
4143.9
144.5		143.7
143.3		120.4
119.2		123.1
122.1		122.2
121.3		109.5
110.1		134.7
134.5		CDCl3
DMSOd6		[29]
[4]
5144.0
151.6		142.2
143.8		120.6
119.0		123.6
122.1		122.7
121.2		110.4
116.5		133.7
134.8		CDCl3
DMSOd6		[32]
[33]
6143.9141.4120.6126.0125.1115.5131.4CDCl3[34]
Table
Table 6. 13C chemical shifts of benzoheterazolidine-2-thiones 10–13 and 2-S-Methyl-benzazoles 14–17.
Table 6. 13C chemical shifts of benzoheterazolidine-2-thiones 10–13 and 2-S-Methyl-benzazoles 14–17.
Molecules 27 06268 i006
Comp.C2C4C5C6C7C7aC3aSolv.Ref.% Npr
10180.8
181.8		110.2
113.2		124.5
119.2		125.4
121.6		110.5
106.7		148.8
151.0		130.3
145.4		CDCl3
DMSOd6		[51]93.7
68.0
11189.7112.3124.0127.0121.6141.2129.3DMSOd6 77.0
12167.9109.6122.3122.3109.6132.7132.7DMSOd6 100
13168.3118.3123.4123.4110.1132.6130.8DMSOd6 8.4
14165.7
165.2		118.3
118.1		123.7
124.0		124.2
124.5		109.8
110.0		151.9
151.4		141.9
141.4		CDCl3
DMSOd6		[52]8.4
10.5
15170.7
167.9		122.0
121.7		125.4
124.3		127.4
126.3		123.3
120.9		136.1
134.5		154.4
152.8		CD3OD
DMSOd6		[52]0.0
2.4
16151.9
151.2
152.3		113.7
113.6
117.8		121.7
121.2
121.9		121.7
121.2
121.9		113.7
113.6
110.9		139.5
139.7
136.4		139.5
139.7
144.5		CDCl3
DMSOd6 (27 °C)
DMF-d7 (−65 °C)		[53]56.8
57.9
13.7
17153.2
152.6		118.0
117.4		121.8
121.2		121.8
121.2		108.3
109.2		136.8
136.9		143.3
142.9		CDCl3
DMSOd6		[54]11.6
17.9
Table
Table 7. Alkylbenzimidazolidine-2-selenones 18 and 19 and their diselenide derivatives 20 and 21.
Table 7. Alkylbenzimidazolidine-2-selenones 18 and 19 and their diselenide derivatives 20 and 21.
Molecules 27 06268 i007
Comp.C2C3aC4C5C6C7C7aSolventRef.N4pr%
18162.8132.1110.0123.3122.6110.0133.7DMSOd6[58]95.8
19160.3133.0114.4121.1122.8109.9133.8DMSOd6[58]50.5
20142.6144.3110.5123.0124.4120.4137.3CD2Cl2[58]90.5
21145.6145.3114.1121.8121.9118.8136.8CD2Cl2[58]52.7
Table
Table 8. N1-acylbenzoheterazolidine-2-thiones 22.
Table 8. N1-acylbenzoheterazolidine-2-thiones 22.
Molecules 27 06268 i008
Comp.C2C3aC4C5C6C7C7aSolventNpr%Ref.
22178.8129.5115.8125.5126.0109.7145.9DMSOd634.7[58]
23168.9129.8114.3122.3124.3108.5130.1DMSOd650.5[60]
24169.4130.9115.0123.3125.2109.4131.0DMSOd643.1[60]
25168.1129.5113.2125.1125.1113.2129.5CDCl362.1[61]
Table
Table 9. Tautomers of omeprazole in THF.
Table 9. Tautomers of omeprazole in THF.
Molecules 27 06268 i009
Claramunt et al.C2C3aC4C5C6C7C7aSolventNpr%
26a = 26b155.4146.0101.1157.4115.3113.1129.9THF-d863
26c = 26d153.5140.2121.6114.2158.294.0136.5THF-d837
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

García-Báez, E.V.; Padilla-Martínez, I.I.; Cruz, A.; Rosales-Hernández, M.C. 13C-NMR Chemical Shifts in 1,3-Benzazoles as a Tautomeric Ratio Criterion. Molecules 2022, 27, 6268. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196268

AMA Style

García-Báez EV, Padilla-Martínez II, Cruz A, Rosales-Hernández MC. 13C-NMR Chemical Shifts in 1,3-Benzazoles as a Tautomeric Ratio Criterion. Molecules. 2022; 27(19):6268. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196268

Chicago/Turabian Style

García-Báez, Efrén V., Itzia I. Padilla-Martínez, Alejandro Cruz, and Martha C. Rosales-Hernández. 2022. "13C-NMR Chemical Shifts in 1,3-Benzazoles as a Tautomeric Ratio Criterion" Molecules 27, no. 19: 6268. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196268

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop