Antifungal Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil against Candida albicans: Time-Kill Study on Pediatric Sputum Isolates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Microbial Identification
2.2. Chemical Composition of Essential Oil
2.3. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC)
2.4. Time-Kill Assay
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Microorganisms
4.2. Essential Oil
4.3. Chemical Identification of Essential Oil
4.4. Antifungal Agents
4.5. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
4.5.1. Preparation of Inoculums
4.5.2. Determination of LAEO, Fluconazole and Caspofungin MIC and MFC Values
4.6. Time-Kill Essay
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | Contents (%) According to Ph. Eur 1 | Content (%) of LAEO 2 Sample |
---|---|---|
α-thujene | 0.1 | |
α-pinene | 0.5 | |
camphene | 0.3 | |
octen-3-ol | 0.2 | |
octanone-3 | 0.1–5 | 0.8 |
myrcene | 0.7 | |
α-phellandrene | 0.3 | |
p-cymene | 0.3 | |
limonene | Max 1 | 0.9 |
1,8-cineole | Max 2.5 | 5.0 |
cis-β-ocimene | 0.7 | |
trans-β-ocimene | 0.7 | |
linalool oxide cis | 0.2 | |
linalool oxide trans | 0.2 | |
linalool | 20–45 | 33.4 |
octenyl acetate | 0.5 | |
camphor | Max 1.2 | 4.6 |
borneol | 3.2 | |
terpinene-4-ol | 0.1–8 | 3.9 |
lavandulol | Min 0.1 | 0.4 |
α-terpineol | Max 2 | 1.2 |
hexyl isovalerate | 0.2 | |
linalyl acetate | 25–47 | 30.5 |
lavandulyl acetate | Min 0.2 | 3.5 |
neryl acetate | 0.5 | |
geranyl acetate | 0.8 | |
β-caryophyllene | 2.3 | |
trans-α-bergamotene | 0.2 | |
trans-β-farnesene | 0.8 | |
caryophyllene oxide | 0.6 |
Strains | LAEO 1 | Fluconazole | Caspofungin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC 2 | MFC 3 | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | |
C. albicans PED01 | 1 | 2 | 64 | >64 | 0.25 | 2 |
C. albicans PED02 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | >64 | 0.25 | 2 |
C. albicans PED03 | 0.5 | 1 | 64 | >64 | 4 | 4 |
C. albicans PED04 | 1 | 2 | 1 | >64 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
C. albicans PED05 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | >64 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
C. albicans PED06 | 2 | 2 | 0.125 | >64 | 0.25 | 2 |
C. albicans PED07 | 1 | 2 | 64 | >64 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
C. albicans PED08 | 1 | 2 | 64 | >64 | 0.5 | 2 |
C. albicans PED09 | 1 | 2 | 64 | >64 | 0.5 | 2 |
C. albicans PED10 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.06 | >64 | 0.25 | 1 |
C. albicans PED11 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.125 | >64 | 0.25 | 2 |
C. albicans PED12 | 2 | 4 | 0.5 | >64 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
C. albicans PED13 | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | >64 | 0.25 | 2 |
C. albicans PED14 | 2 | 2 | 0.125 | >64 | 0.125 | 0.5 |
C. albicans PED15 | 1 | 2 | 0.125 | >64 | 0.5 | 1 |
C. albicans ATCC 10259 | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | >64 | 0.5 | 2 |
Strains | 2% Solution of LAEO 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
50% Reduction 2 | 90% Reduction | 99.9% Reduction | |
C. albicans PED01 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 5 |
C. albicans PED02 | 1.4 | >30 | >30 |
C. albicans PED03 | 1.1 | 2 | 29.7 |
C. albicans PED04 | 3.5 | >30 | >30 |
C. albicans PED05 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 2 |
C. albicans PED06 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
C. albicans PED07 | 0.4 | 3.3 | >30 |
C. albicans PED08 | 0.2 | 0.7 | >30 |
C. albicans PED09 | 1.1 | 15.2 | >30 |
C. albicans PED10 | 1.3 | >30 | >30 |
C. albicans PED11 | 0.6 | >30 | >30 |
C. albicans PED12 | 0.6 | >30 | >30 |
C. albicans PED13 | 0.7 | 18 | >30 |
C. albicans PED14 | 0.4 | 3.1 | >30 |
C. albicans PED15 | 0.5 | >30 | >30 |
C. albicans ATCC 10259 | 0.8 | >30 | >30 |
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Mijatovic, S.; Stankovic, J.A.; Calovski, I.C.; Dubljanin, E.; Pljevljakusic, D.; Bigovic, D.; Dzamic, A. Antifungal Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil against Candida albicans: Time-Kill Study on Pediatric Sputum Isolates. Molecules 2022, 27, 6300. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196300
Mijatovic S, Stankovic JA, Calovski IC, Dubljanin E, Pljevljakusic D, Bigovic D, Dzamic A. Antifungal Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil against Candida albicans: Time-Kill Study on Pediatric Sputum Isolates. Molecules. 2022; 27(19):6300. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196300
Chicago/Turabian StyleMijatovic, Stefan, Jelena Antic Stankovic, Ivana Colovic Calovski, Eleonora Dubljanin, Dejan Pljevljakusic, Dubravka Bigovic, and Aleksandar Dzamic. 2022. "Antifungal Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil against Candida albicans: Time-Kill Study on Pediatric Sputum Isolates" Molecules 27, no. 19: 6300. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196300