Pyrethroid Resistance Situation across Different Eco-Epidemiological Settings in Cameroon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Mosquito Larvae Collection
2.3. Susceptibility Bioassays
2.4. Synergist Bioassay with Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO)
2.5. Mosquito Processing
2.5.1. Total RNA and DNA Extraction from Mosquito Pools
2.5.2. Genotyping of Mosquito Samples and Multiplex RT-qPCR for Gene Expression Analysis
2.5.3. Cuticular Hydrocarbons (CHCs) Identification and Quantitation by GC-MS and GC-FID
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Resistance Profile
3.1.1. Intensity of Permethrin and Deltamethrin Resistance
3.1.2. Species ID
3.1.3. Bioassays with the Synergist Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO)
3.2. Target Site Mutations (kdr L1014F/S, kdr N1575Y)
3.3. Expression Analysis of Genes Implicated in Insecticide Resistance
3.4. Analysis of Cuticular Hydrocarbon (CHC) Lipids as a Marker of Pyrethroid Resistance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Ecological Setting/Strain | Population | Sample Size | Resistant Allele Frequencies (Mean ± SE) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% kdr L1014F | % kdr L1014S | N1575Y | |||
Kisumu & Ngousso Susceptible strain | Kisumu lab strain | 40 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
Ngousso lab strain | 40 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | |
Sahelian Zone | Kaélé | 40 | 43.4 ± 5.7 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 11.7 ± 4.8 |
Humid savanah | Tibati | 40 | 79.9 ± 5.1 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 3.75 ± 1.3 |
Highland zone | Santchou | 40 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 5.5 ± 4.0 |
Kékem | 40 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | |
Forest zone | Njombé | 30 | 86.1 ± 8.7 | 10.0 ± 2.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
Bertoua | 40 | 94.6 ± 3.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | |
Bélabo | 40 | 98.8 ± 1.25 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
Population | Fold Change (95% CI) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comparison | CYP6P3 | CYP6M2 | CYP9K1 | CYP6P4 | CYP6Z1 | CYP6P1 | CYP4G16 |
Njombé vs. KIS | 2.59 | 0.490 | 21.2 * | 1.92 | 2.23 * | 1.36 | 1.53 |
(0.746–6.99) | (0.306–0.874) | (9.14–79.8) | (0.690–6.695) | (1.63–3.69) | (0.929–2.33) | (0.831–4.13) | |
Njombé vs. NG | 0.683 | 0.267 | 8.14 * | 1.29 | 1.60 * | 0.639 | 1.02 |
(0.244–1.65) | (0.140–0.458) | (4.910–13.81) | (0.553–3.789) | (1.22–2.10) | (0.446–1.11) | (0.753–1.31) | |
Bertoua vs. KIS | 2.70 | 2.16 | 8.29 * | 2.99 * | 1.627 | 1.30 | 1.40 |
(1.44–3.80) | (1.46–3.39) | (3.14–30.9) | (1.70–5.04) | (0.996–3.076) | (0.910–2.09) | (0.564–4.29) | |
Bertoua vs. NG | 0.713 | 1.18 | 3.18 * | 2.01 * | 1.17 | 0.611 | 0.928 |
(0.545–0.910) | (0.670–1.72) | (1.81–5.09) | (1.37–2.85) | (0.745–1.78) | (0.436–0.993) | (0.511–1.34) | |
Kaélé vs. KIS | 3.8 | 0.169 | 3.72 | 18.2 * | 0.981 | 1.32 | 0.560 |
(2.00–5.52) | (0.117–0.294) | (1.24–15.1) | (6.94–33.9) | (0.768–1.591) | (0.990–1.83) | (0.218–1.91) | |
Kaélé vs. NG | 1.02 | 0.092 | 1.43 | 12.2 * | 0.703 | 0.621 | 0.372 |
(0.745–1.32) | (0.051–0.154) | (0.713–2.528) | (5.57–18.9) | (0.562–0.908) | (0.482–0.871) | (0.198–0.647) | |
Kékem vs. KIS | 3.05 | 5.69 * | 11.2 * | 2.04 | 0.646 | 1.37 | 1.15 |
(0.957–7.09) | (4.35–8.20) | (4.73–40.7) | (0.821–4.04) | (0.443–1.20) | (0.990–1.73) | (0.666–3.02) | |
Kékem vs. NG | 0.802 | 3.10 * | 4.28 * | 1.37 | 0.463 | 0.642 | 0.761 |
(0.313–1.67) | (1.92–4.13) | (2.61–6.86) | (0.658–2.28) | (0.331–0.712) | (0.475–0.830) | (0.603–0.974) | |
Tibati vs. KIS | 2.25 | 0.332 | 1.69 | 0.902 | 1.025 | 1.95 | 2.42 * |
(1.15–3.57) | (0.191–0.549) | (0.713–5.87) | (0.519–1.39) | (0.771–1.73) | (1.48–2.52) | (1.27–7.47) | |
Tibati vs. NG | 0.593 | 0.180 | 0.650 (0.408–0.945) | 0.607 | 0.735 | 0.914 | 1.61 * |
(0.455–0.840) | (0.094–0.271) | (0.408–0.945) | (0.416–0.786) | (0.567–1.01) | (0.701–1.20) | (1.16–2.61) | |
Bélabo vs. KIS | 7.47 * | 3.18 | 7.37 | 3.49 * | 1.48 | 1.54 | 1.93 |
(3.83–10.9) | (2.10–5.38) | (1.36–40.9) | (2.50–5.43) | (0.969–2.83) | (1.21–1.99) | (0.980–4.94) | |
Bélabo vs. NG | 1.97 * | 1.73 | 2.83 | 2.35 * | 1.06 | 0.725 | 1.28 |
(1.40–2.61) | (0.945–2.82) | (0.780–6.91) | (1.35–3.51) | (0.725–1.69) | (0.582–0.946) | (0.994–1.53) | |
Santchou vs. KIS | 0.641 | 0.934 | 5.27 | 0.848 | 2.17 * | 0.814 | 1.29 |
(0.286–1.25) | (0.586–1.77) | (1.31–24.1) | (0.324–1.73) | (1.44–4.10) | (0.674–0.959) | (0.810–3.14) | |
Santchou vs. NG | 0.169 | 0.508 | 2.02 | 0.570 | 1.557 * | 0.382 | 0.854 |
(0.108–0.295) | (0.262–0.930) | (0.754–3.94) | (0.260–0.981) | (1.08–2.45) | (0.323–0.460) | (0.750–1.10) |
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Kala-Chouakeu, N.A.; Ndjeunia-Mbiakop, P.; Ngangue-Siewe, I.N.; Mavridis, K.; Balabanidou, V.; Bamou, R.; Maxim Bindamu, M.; Talipouo, A.; Djamouko-Djonkam, L.; Mbida-Mbida, J.A.; et al. Pyrethroid Resistance Situation across Different Eco-Epidemiological Settings in Cameroon. Molecules 2022, 27, 6343. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196343
Kala-Chouakeu NA, Ndjeunia-Mbiakop P, Ngangue-Siewe IN, Mavridis K, Balabanidou V, Bamou R, Maxim Bindamu M, Talipouo A, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Mbida-Mbida JA, et al. Pyrethroid Resistance Situation across Different Eco-Epidemiological Settings in Cameroon. Molecules. 2022; 27(19):6343. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196343
Chicago/Turabian StyleKala-Chouakeu, Nelly Armanda, Paulette Ndjeunia-Mbiakop, Idriss Nasser Ngangue-Siewe, Konstantinos Mavridis, Vasileia Balabanidou, Roland Bamou, Mabu Maxim Bindamu, Abdou Talipouo, Landre Djamouko-Djonkam, Jean Arthur Mbida-Mbida, and et al. 2022. "Pyrethroid Resistance Situation across Different Eco-Epidemiological Settings in Cameroon" Molecules 27, no. 19: 6343. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196343