Deep Eutectic Solvents: Alternative Solvents for Biomass-Based Waste Valorization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chitin Isolation from Biomass-Waste with DESs
# | DES System | Composition, mol/mol | Conditions | Time, h | Yield, % | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolation of Chitin by Pulping | ||||||
1 | [Cho]Cl/Lactic acid | 1:2.5 | Stirring/Heating at 150 °C | 6 | - a | [43] |
2 | [Cho]Cl/Malic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 150 °C | 3 | 13.2 b | [44] |
3 | [Cho]Cl/Malonic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 16.2 b | [45] |
4 | [Cho]Cl/Maleic acid | 1:1 | Microwaving (700 W) | 0.15 | - a | [54] |
5 | [Cho]Cl/Malic acid | 1:1 | Microwaving (700 W) | 0.18 | - a | [55] |
6 | [Cho]Cl/Glycerol + 7.5% Acetic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 100 °C | 3 | 25.8 b | [57] |
7 | [Cho]Cl/Glycerol + 7.5% Acetic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 80 °C | 3 | 25.8 b | [57] |
8 | [Cho]Cl/Glycerol + 7.5% Acetic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 120 °C | 3 | 21.4 b | [57] |
9 | [Cho]Cl/Glycerol + 7.5% Acetic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 140 °C | 3 | 21.5 b | [57] |
10 | [Cho]Cl/Glycerol + 2.5% Acetic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 120 °C | 3 | 28.5 b | [57] |
11 | [Cho]Cl/Glycerol + 5.0% Acetic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 120 °C | 3 | 24.3 b | [57] |
12 | [Cho]Cl/Glycerol + 10% Acetic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 120 °C | 3 | 21.0 b | [57] |
13 | [Bet]Cl/Urea | 1:2 | (1) 10% citric acid for demineralization (2) DES + microwave irradiation | 0.15 | 23.6 b | [58] |
14 | [Cho]Cl/Urea | 1:2 | (1) 10% citric acid for demineralization (2) DES + microwave irradiation | 0.15 | 25.1 b | [58] |
15 | [Cho]Cl/Ethylene glycol | 1:2 | (1) 10% citric acid for demineralization (2) DES + microwave irradiation | 0.15 | 24.8 b | [58] |
16 | [Cho]Cl/Glycerol | 1:2 | (1) 10% citric acid for demineralization (2) DES + microwave irradiation | 0.15 | 22.5 b | [58] |
17 | [Cho]Cl/DL-Lactic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 23.3 b | [59] |
18 | Stirring/Heating at 80 °C | 2 | 16.4 b | [59] | ||
19 | [Cho]Cl/Urea | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 26.0 b | [59] |
20 | Stirring/Heating at 80 °C | 2 | 22.8 b | [59] | ||
21 | [Cho]Cl/Glycerol | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 16.7 b | [59] |
22 | Stirring/Heating at 80 °C | 2 | 22.9 b | [59] | ||
23 | [Cho]Cl/n-butyric acid | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 22.3 b | [59] |
24 | Stirring/Heating at 80 °C | 2 | 12.0 b | [59] | ||
25 | [Cho]Cl/Oxalic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 23.3 b | [59] |
26 | Stirring/Heating at 80 °C | 2 | 12.7 b | [59] | ||
27 | Bet/Urea | 1:1 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 26.7 b | [59] |
28 | Stirring/Heating at 80 °C | 2 | 12.0 b | [59] | ||
29 | Bet/Glycerol | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 25.5 b | [59] |
30 | Stirring/Heating at 80 °C | 2 | 22.8 b | [59] | ||
31 | Bet/n-butyric acid | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 24.5 b | [59] |
32 | Stirring/Heating at 80 °C | 2 | 14.5 b | [59] | ||
33 | Bet/Oxalic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 22.9 b | [59] |
34 | Stirring/Heating at 80 °C | 2 | 6.5 b | [59] | ||
35 | Bet/DL-Lactic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/Heating at 50 °C | 2 | 25.7 b | [59] |
36 | Stirring/Heating at 80 °C | 2 | 14.3 b | [59] | ||
Isolation of Chitin by Dissolution | ||||||
37 | [Cho]Cl/Urea | 1:1 | Heating at 60–90 °C | 1.67 | – a | [34] |
38 | [Cho]Cl/Citric acid | 1:1 | Heating at 60–90 °C | 1.67 | – a | [34] |
39 | [Cho]Cl/Malonic acid | 1:1 | Heating at 60–90 °C | 1.67 | – a | [34] |
40 | [Cho]Cl/Lactic acid | 1:1 | Heating at 70 °C | 1.67 | 85 c | [34] |
41 | Bet/Lactic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 115 °C | 20 | 85 c | [61] |
42 | [Cho]Cl/Lactic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 115 °C | 20 | 85 c | [61] |
43 | Gluconic Acid/Aspartic acid | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 71.2 c | [62] |
44 | Gluconic Acid/Threonine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 74.3 c | [62] |
45 | Gluconic Acid/Serine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 76.3 c | [62] |
46 | Gluconic Acid/Glutamic acid | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 71.7 c | [62] |
47 | Gluconic Acid/Proline | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 74.9 c | [62] |
48 | Gluconic Acid/Glycine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 74.7 c | [62] |
49 | Gluconic Acid/Alanine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 72.4 c | [62] |
50 | Gluconic Acid/Cysteine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 71.3 c | [62] |
51 | Gluconic Acid/Valine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 72.9 c | [62] |
52 | Gluconic Acid/Methionine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 71.1 c | [62] |
53 | Gluconic Acid/Isoleucine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 71.9 c | [62] |
54 | Gluconic Acid/Leucine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 70.9 c | [62] |
55 | Gluconic Acid/Phenylalanine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 72.7 c | [62] |
56 | Gluconic Acid/Lysine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 80.4 c | [62] |
57 | Gluconic Acid/Histidine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 79.7 c | [62] |
58 | Gluconic Acid/Arginine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 80.0 c | [62] |
59 | Gluconic Acid/Tryptophan | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 72.6 c | [62] |
60 | Gluconic Acid/Asparagine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 78.5 c | [62] |
61 | Gluconic Acid/Glutamine | 5:1 | Stirring/ heating in an oil bath at 90 °C | 24 | 80.1 c | [62] |
62 | [Cho]Cl/N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine | 2:1 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 90.6 c | [63] |
63 | [Cho]Cl/D-Gluconic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 82.7 c | [63] |
64 | [Cho]Cl/Hydroxymethylfurfural | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 85.6 c | [63] |
65 | [Cho]Cl/Levulinic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 75.0 c | [63] |
66 | [Cho]Cl/Acetic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 71.5 c | [63] |
67 | [Cho]Cl/Formic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 66.2 c | [63] |
68 | Bet/N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine | 2:1 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 90.7 c | [63] |
69 | Bet/D-Gluconic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 84.2 c | [63] |
70 | Bet/5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 86.2 c | [63] |
71 | Bet/Levulinic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 75.4 c | [63] |
72 | Bet/Acetic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 71.2 c | [63] |
73 | Bet/Formic acid | 1:2 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 70.1 c | [63] |
74 | [Cho]Cl/N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine/Formic acid | 1:0.2:1.8 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 74.3 c | [63] |
75 | [Cho]Cl/N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine/Formic acid | 1:0.6:1.4 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 85.6 c | [63] |
76 | [Cho]Cl/N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine/Formic acid | 1:1:1 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 88.2 c | [63] |
77 | [Cho]Cl/N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine/Formic acid | 1:1.4:0.6 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 89.6 c | [63] |
78 | [Cho]Cl/N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine/Formic acid | 2:0.9:0.1 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 92.2 c | [63] |
79 | [Cho]Cl/N-acetyl-d-Glucosamine/Formic acid | 2:0.7:0.3 | Stirring/ heating at 130 °C | 3 | 90.7 c | [63] |
3. Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Recovery of Chemicals from Agri-Food Industrial Waste
4. Deep Eutectic Solvents for Biofuels Production
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rachiero, G.P.; Berton, P.; Shamshina, J. Deep Eutectic Solvents: Alternative Solvents for Biomass-Based Waste Valorization. Molecules 2022, 27, 6606. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196606
Rachiero GP, Berton P, Shamshina J. Deep Eutectic Solvents: Alternative Solvents for Biomass-Based Waste Valorization. Molecules. 2022; 27(19):6606. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196606
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachiero, Giovanni P., Paula Berton, and Julia Shamshina. 2022. "Deep Eutectic Solvents: Alternative Solvents for Biomass-Based Waste Valorization" Molecules 27, no. 19: 6606. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196606