Treatment of Liquid Digestate by Green Algal Isolates from Artificial Eutrophic Pond
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Selection of the Liquid Fraction of Digestate Used for the Tests
2.2. Isolation and Taxonomic Identification of Microalgae
2.3. Calibration of Maximum Absorbance for Optical Density
2.4. The Growth Curves for Isolated Microalgae
2.5. Treatment of the Liquid Digestate in Photobioreactors
2.6. Monitoring the Growth of Microalgae in Bioreactors
2.7. Qualitative and Quantitative Structure of Microalgal Culture in Bioreactors
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Environmental Sampling and Media
3.2. Experiments
3.2.1. Isolation of Microalgae from the Environment
3.2.2. Determination of the Growth Curves for Isolated Microalgae
3.2.3. Liquid Digestate Treatment by Mixed Microalgae in Bioreactors
3.3. Analyses
3.3.1. Physical and Chemical Analyses of Liquid Digestate
3.3.2. Calibration of Maximum Absorbance for Optical Density Measurement
3.3.3. Optical Density Measurement
3.3.4. Measurement of the Chlorophyll a Concentration
3.3.5. Taxonomic Analyses of Microalgae from Cultures
3.3.6. The Structure of Microalgae Culture in Bioreactors
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Indicator | Type of Liquid Fraction of Digestate | ||
---|---|---|---|
MK1 | MK2 | GS | |
pH | 7.55 ± 0.01 | 7.88 ± 0.25 | 4.43 ± 0.01 |
Total Solids, TS [g/kg] | 2.09 ± 0.01 | 3.23 ± 0.17 | 2.84 ± 0.01 |
Volatile Solids, VS [g/kg] | 0.54 ± 0.01 | 1.73 ± 0.19 | 1.35 ± 0.02 |
Volatile Solids, VS [% TS] | 25.91 ± 0.38 | 53.38 ± 3.19 | 47.58 ±0.37 |
Total Suspended Solids, TSS [mg/L] | 185.00 ± 2.00 | 798.33 ± 158.62 | 7.33 ± 0.58 |
Turbidity [FAU] | 129.00 ± 3.00 | 485.00 ± 111.00 | 111.00 ± 3.00 |
Apparent Color [units] | 1631.00 ± 17.00 | 12,483.00 ± 2586.00 | 410.00 ± 1.00 |
True Color [units] | 563.00 ± 1.00 | 11,117.00 ± 2835.00 | 369.00 ± 10.00 |
Total Chemical Oxygen Demand, tCOD [mg O2/L] | 7743.00 ± 168.00 | 7900.00 ± 754.00 | 7413.00 ± 90.00 |
Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand, sCOD [mg O2/L] | 6810.00 ± 287.00 | 7800.00 ± 540.00 | 6417.00 ± 57.00 |
Total Volatile Fatty Acids, TVFA [mg/L] | 3076.00 ± 70.00 | 3110.00 ± 1128.00 | 3097.00 ± 86.00 |
Ammonium Nitrogen, N-NH4 [mg/L] | 131.33 ± 1.53 | 580.00 ± 95.50 | 128.67 ± 1.53 |
Nitrates (V), N-NO3 [mg/L] | 766.67 ± 57.74 | 1016.67 ± 116.90 | 1013.33 ± 57.74 |
Nitrates (III), N-NO2 [mg/L] | 5.67 ± 0.58 | 9.33 ± 3.01 | 6.00 ± 1.00 |
Phosphates, P-PO4 [mg/L] | 360.00 ± 69.28 | 346.67 ± 26.58 | 810.00 ± 40.00 |
Sulfates [mg/L] | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Sulfides [μg/L] | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1550.00 ± 615.63 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Chlorides [mg/L] | 330.00 ± 10.00 | 216.67 ± 36.70 | 283.33 ± 11.55 |
Iron [mg/L] | 21.00 ± 4.00 | 4.00 ± 2.28 | 9.33 ± 0.58 |
Copper [mg/L] | 5.67 ± 0.58 | 5.67 ± 0.52 | 7.00 ± 1.00 |
Zinc [mg/L] | 10.33 ± 1.53 | 15.17 ± 1.72 | 14.00 ± 1.00 |
Aluminum [mg/L] | 9.83 ± 0.40 | 10.30 ± 8.81 | 0.60 ± 0.20 |
Marker | Primer | F/R | Reference | Reaction Conditions |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | ITS1AKL | F | [44] | 95 °C (3 min) 35 × [94 °C (1 min)/52 °C (1 min)/72 °C (2 min)] 72 °C (7 min) |
Nr-LSU-0012-3′ | R | [45] | ||
ITS3 | F | [46] | ||
HLR3R | R | [47] | ||
rbcL | rbcL1 | F | [48] | 95 °C (2 min) 35 × [94 °C (1 min)/50 °C (1 min)/72 °C (3 min)] 72 °C (8 min) |
rbcL1421 | R |
ITS1 | 5.8S gDNA | ITS2 | rbcL Codon | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ML | TrN + I + G | TIM + I + G | JC | GTR + I |
BI | F81 | HKY | JC | GTR |
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Sobolewska, E.; Borowski, S.; Nowicka-Krawczyk, P.; Banach, K. Treatment of Liquid Digestate by Green Algal Isolates from Artificial Eutrophic Pond. Molecules 2022, 27, 6856. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206856
Sobolewska E, Borowski S, Nowicka-Krawczyk P, Banach K. Treatment of Liquid Digestate by Green Algal Isolates from Artificial Eutrophic Pond. Molecules. 2022; 27(20):6856. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206856
Chicago/Turabian StyleSobolewska, Ewelina, Sebastian Borowski, Paulina Nowicka-Krawczyk, and Katarzyna Banach. 2022. "Treatment of Liquid Digestate by Green Algal Isolates from Artificial Eutrophic Pond" Molecules 27, no. 20: 6856. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206856