Nanosorbents as Materials for Extraction Processes of Environmental Contaminants and Others
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Classification of Nanomaterials as Sorbents
3. Nanomaterials as Sorbents for Extraction of Organic Environmental Contaminants
Analyte | NPs and Its Modification | Matrices | Extraction Technique | Separation Technique | LOD | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu, Co, Hg | Fe3O4@SiO2@g-MAPS | Fish, shrimp | MR/IT-SPME | HPLC-DAD | 0.69–4.9 μg L−1 | [28] |
Sulfonamides | GO-La NPs @ Ni foam | chicken meat, cow meat, cow milk | RFS-SPME | HPLC-DAD | 0.08-0.14 µg L−1 | [26] |
Pd, Cd | MMWCNTs-PT | Tea, milk, rice | MSPME | FAAS | 0.54, 0.03 μg L−1 | [29] |
Ofloxacin drugs | OFL MIP | Water | MIP-SPME | HPLC-UV-VIS | 3.0–6.2 μg L−1 | [27] |
Mo | AgPSrici | Water | DSPME | ETAAS | 0.02 μg L−1 | [30] |
Cd | Co Fe3O4 | Oyster | MSPME | FAAS | 0.24 μg L−1 | [31] |
Cu, Pb, Cr | MDETAGOs | Juice, rice | MDSPME | DPV | 0.15 ng mL−1 | [32] |
DSPE Technique | Brief Description | Sorbents Used | Applications |
---|---|---|---|
Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method. |
|
| |
Dispersive micro-Solid Phase Extraction (D-μSPE) |
|
| |
Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction (MSPE). |
|
|
Type of Analysis | Matrix | Application/Compounds Measured |
---|---|---|
Water analysis |
|
|
Soil analysis |
|
|
Food analysis |
|
|
Biological samples |
|
4. Nanomaterials as Sorbents for Extraction Used for Environmental Samples
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Saleh, T.A. Trends in the sample preparation and analysis of nanomaterials as environmental contaminants. Trends Environ. Anal. Chem. 2020, 28, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, W.A.; Arain, M.B.; Soylak, M. Nanomaterials-based solid phase extraction and solid phase microextraction for heavy metals food toxicity. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2020, 145, 111704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nouri, N.; Khorram, P.; Duman, O.; Sibel, T.; Hassan, S. Overview of nanosorbents used in solid phase extraction techniques for the monitoring of emerging organic contaminants in water and wastewater samples. Trends Environ. Anal. Chem. 2020, 25, e00081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azzouz, A.; Kailasa, S.K.; Lee, S.S.; Rascón, A.J.; Ballesteros, E.; Zhang, M.; Kim, K.H. Review of nanomaterials as sorbents in solid-phase extraction for environmental samples. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2018, 108, 347–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, M.; Huang, L.; Zhao, B.; Chen, B.; Hu, B. Advanced functional materials in solid phase extraction for ICP-MS determination of trace elements and their species A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2017, 973, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gutiérrez-Serpa, A.; González-Martín, R.; Sajid, M.; Pino, V. Greenness of magnetic nanomaterials in miniaturized extraction techniques: A review. Talanta 2021, 225, 122053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wen, Y.; Chen, L.; Li, J.; Liu, D.; Chen, L. Recent advances in solid-phase sorbents for sample preparation prior to chromatographic analysis. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2014, 59, 26–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, L.; Hernandez, Y.; Feng, X.; Müllen, K. From nanographene and graphene nanoribbons to graphene sheets: Chemical synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 7640–7654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Di, S.; Ning, T.; Yu, J.; Chen, P.; Yu, H.; Wang, J.; Yang, H.; Zhu, S. Recent advances and applications of magnetic nanomaterials in environmental sample analysis. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2020, 126, 115864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, B.; He, M.; Chen, B. Nanometer-sized materials for solid-phase extraction of trace elements. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2015, 407, 2685–2710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kakavandi, M.G.; Behbahani, M.; Omidi, F.; Hesam, G. Application of Ultrasonic Assisted-Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Based on Ion-Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles for Preconcentration and Trace Determination of Lead Ions in Food and Water Samples. Food Anal. Methods 2017, 10, 2454–2466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, H.T.; Li, J.; Li, Z.C.; Sun, T. An ion-imprinted amino-functionalized silica gel sorbent prepared by hydrothermal assisted surface imprinting technique for selective removal of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2012, 258, 3815–3822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beeram, S.R.; Rodriguez, E.; Doddavenkatanna, S.; Li, Z.; Pekarek, A.; Peev, D.; Goerl, K.; Trovato, G.; Hofmann, T.; Hage, D.S. Nanomaterials as stationary phases and supports in liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 2017, 38, 2498–2512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tadjarodi, A.; Abbaszadeh, A. A magnetic nanocomposite prepared from chelator-modified magnetite (Fe3O4) and HKUST-1 (MOF-199) for separation and preconcentration of mercury(II). Microchim. Acta 2016, 183, 1391–1399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrade-Eiroa, A.; Canle, M.; Leroy-Cancellieri, V.; Cerdà, V. Solid-phase extraction of organic compounds: A critical review (Part I). TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2016, 80, 641–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Augusto, F.; Hantao, L.W.; Mogollón, N.G.S.; Braga, S.C.G.N. New materials and trends in sorbents for solid-phase extraction. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2013, 43, 14–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poole, C.F. New trends in solid-phase extraction. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2003, 22, 362–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Camel, V. Solid phase extraction of trace elements. Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc. 2003, 58, 1177–1233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, H.; Mullett, W.M.; Pawliszyn, J. Biological sample analysis with immunoaffinity solid-phase microextraction. Analyst 2001, 126, 1456–1461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kataoka, H. Sample preparation for liquid chromatography. Liq. Chromatogr. Appl. Second Ed. 2017, 2, 1–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, J.; Ouyang, G. Extraction|Solid-phase microextraction. Encycl. Anal. Sci. 2019, 100–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jalili, V.; Barkhordari, A.; Ghiasvand, A. A comprehensive look at solid-phase microextraction technique: A review of reviews. Microchem. J. 2020, 152, 104319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sajid, M. Porous membrane protected micro-solid-phase extraction: A review of features, advancements and applications. Anal. Chim. Acta 2017, 965, 36–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Souza-Silva, É.A.; Reyes-Garcés, N.; Gómez-Ríos, G.A.; Boyaci, E.; Bojko, B.; Pawliszyn, J. A critical review of the state of the art of solid-phase microextraction of complex matrices III. Bioanalytical and clinical applications. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2015, 71, 249–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karimi-Maleh, H.; Shafieizadeh, M.; Taher, M.A.; Opoku, F.; Kiarii, E.M.; Govender, P.P.; Ranjbari, S.; Rezapour, M.; Orooji, Y. The role of magnetite/graphene oxide nano-composite as a high-efficiency adsorbent for removal of phenazopyridine residues from water samples, an experimental/theoretical investigation. J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 298, 112040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shirani, M.; Parandi, E.; Nodeh, H.R.; Akbari-adergani, B.; Shahdadi, F. Development of a rapid efficient solid-phase microextraction: An overhead rotating flat surface sorbent based 3-D graphene oxide/ lanthanum nanoparticles @ Ni foam for separation and determination of sulfonamides in animal-based food products. Food Chem. 2022, 373, 131421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guan, X.; Cheng, T.; Wang, S.; Liu, X.; Zhang, H. Preparation of polysulfone materials on nickel foam for solid-phase microextraction of floxacin in water and biological samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2017, 409, 3127–3133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mei, M.; Pang, J.; Huang, X.; Luo, Q. Magnetism-reinforced in-tube solid phase microextraction for the online determination of trace heavy metal ions in complex samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 2019, 1090, 82–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dehghani, Z.; Dadfarnia, S.; Shabani, A.M.H.; Ehrampoush, M.H. Magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with polythiophene as a sorbent for simultaneous solid phase microextraction of lead and cadmium from water and food samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. Res. 2020, 7, 509–523. [Google Scholar]
- Tuzen, M.; Altunay, N.; Hazer, B.; Mogaddam, M.R.A. Synthesis of polystyrene-polyricinoleic acid copolymer containing silver nano particles for dispersive solid phase microextraction of molybdenum in water and food samples. Food Chem. 2022, 369, 130973. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dias, F.D.S.; Guarino, M.E.P.; Pereira, A.L.C.; Pedra, P.P.; Bezerra, M.D.A.; Marchetti, S.G. Optimization of magnetic solid phase microextraction with CoFe2O4 nanoparticles unmodified for preconcentration of cadmium in environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem. J. 2019, 146, 1095–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghorbani, M.; Pedramrad, T.; Aghamohammadhasan, M.; Seyedin, O.; Akhlaghi, H.; Afshar Lahoori, N. Simultaneous clean-up and determination of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) in real water and food samples using a magnetic dispersive solid phase microextraction and differential pulse voltammetry with a green and novel modified glassy carbon electrode. Microchem. J. 2019, 147, 545–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wierucka, M.; Biziuk, M. Application of magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic solid-phase extraction in preparing biological, environmental and food samples. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2014, 59, 50–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giakisikli, G.; Anthemidis, A.N. Magnetic materials as sorbents for metal/metalloid preconcentration and/or separation. A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 789, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Wang, R.; Wu, X.; Wang, Y.; Xue, C.; Wu, J.; Hong, J.; Liu, J.; Zhou, X. Magnetic molecularly imprinted nanoparticles based on dendritic-grafting modification for determination of estrogens in plasma samples. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2012, 905, 105–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, L.; Wang, Q.; Xu, J.; Shi, Z.G.; Xu, L. Restricted-access nanoparticles for magnetic solid-phase extraction of steroid hormones from environmental and biological samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1244, 46–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eskandari, H.; Naderi-Darehshori, A. Preparation of magnetite/poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) nanoparticles for selective enrichment-determination of fenitrothion in environmental and biological samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 743, 137–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, S.S.; Li, Z.; Zang, X.H.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Graphene-based magnetic solid phase extraction-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatographic method for determination of five acetanilide herbicides in water and green tea samples. Fenxi Huaxue/Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 2013, 41, 1177–1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Najafi, E.; Aboufazeli, F.; Zhad, H.R.L.Z.; Sadeghi, O.; Amani, V. A novel magnetic ion imprinted nano-polymer for selective separation and determination of low levels of mercury(II) ions in fish samples. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 4040–4045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, J.; Gao, Q.; Luo, D.; Shi, Z.G.; Feng, Y.Q. n-Octadecylphosphonic acid grafted mesoporous magnetic nanoparticle: Preparation, characterization, and application in magnetic solid-phase extraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217, 7351–7358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karatapanis, A.E.; Fiamegos, Y.; Stalikas, C.D. Silica-modified magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with cetylpyridinium bromide for the preconcentration of metals after complexation with 8-hydroxyquinoline. Talanta 2011, 84, 834–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Islas, G.; Ibarra, I.S.; Hernandez, P.; Miranda, J.M.; Cepeda, A. Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for the Analysis of Veterinary Drugs Applied to Food Samples: A Review. Int. J. Anal. Chem. 2017, 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Büyüktiryaki, S.; Keçili, R.; Hussain, C.M. Functionalized nanomaterials in dispersive solid phase extraction: Advances & prospects. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2020, 127, 115893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammadi, P.; Masrournia, M.; Es’haghi, Z. Magnetic dispersive solid-phase microextraction for determination of two organophosphorus pesticides in cucumber and orange samples. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 2020, 17, 3285–3298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perestrelo, R.; Silva, P.; Porto-Figueira, P.; Pereira, J.A.M.; Silva, C.; Medina, S.; Câmara, J.S. QuEChERS—Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Anal. Chim. Acta 2019, 1070, 1–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Y.G.; Muhammad, N.; Ye, M.L.; Zhu, Y. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of clover-shaped nano-titania functionalized covalent organic frameworks for the dispersive solid phase extraction of N-nitrosamines in drinking water. J. Chromatogr. A 2020, 1618, 460891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, J.; Kong, H.; Jang, J. Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by polyrhodanine-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2011, 359, 505–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, X.; Pan, X.; Han, S.; Wang, S. Development and characterization of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective enrichment of endocrine disrupting chemicals in water and milk samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2015, 407, 1735–1744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taghvimi, A.; Tabrizi, A.B.; Dastmalchi, S.; Javadzadeh, Y. Metal organic framework based carbon porous as an efficient dispersive solid phase extraction adsorbent for analysis of methamphetamine from urine matrix. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2019, 1109, 149–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khalilian, F.; Hanzaki, S.A.; Yousefi, M. Synthesis of a graphene-based nanocomposite for the dispersive solid-phase extraction of vancomycin from biological samples. J. Sep. Sci. 2015, 38, 975–981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prieto, A.; Basauri, O.; Rodil, R.; Usobiaga, A.; Fernández, L.A.; Etxebarria, N.; Zuloaga, O. Stir-bar sorptive extraction: A view on method optimisation, novel applications, limitations and potential solutions. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217, 2642–2666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Urbanowicz, M.; Zabiegała, B.; Namieśnik, J. Solventless sample preparation techniques based on solid- and vapour-phase extraction. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 399, 277–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, M.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Zang, L.; Chen, B.; Hu, B. Stir bar sorptive extraction and its application. J. Chromatogr. A 2021, 1637, 461810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, J.; Zhong, R.; Lin, J.; Zhu, J.; Wan, W.; Chen, X. Linear graphene nanocomposite synthesis and an analytical application for the amino acid detection of Camellia nitidissima Chi seeds. Materials 2017, 10, 443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ribeiro, A.R.; Pedrosa, M.; Moreira, N.F.F.; Pereira, M.F.R.; Silva, A.M.T. Environmental friendly method for urban wastewater monitoring of micropollutants defined in the Directive 2013/39/EU and Decision 2015/495/EU. J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1418, 140–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zou, N.; Yuan, C.; Liu, S.; Han, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhang, J.; Xu, X.; Li, X.; Pan, C. Coupling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polydimethylsiloxane coated stir bar sorptive extraction with pulse glow discharge-ion mobility spectrometry for analysis of triazine herbicides in water and soil samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2016, 1457, 14–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, C.; Wu, T.; Zang, X. Hollow Fiber Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction Combined with GC–MS for the Determination of Phthalate Esters from Children’s Food. Chromatographia 2019, 82, 683–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Zhou, W.; Liao, X.; Wang, X.; Chen, Z. Covalent immobilization of metal organic frameworks onto chemical resistant poly(ether ether ketone) jacket for stir bar extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 2018, 1025, 124–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, R.; Feng, F.; Chen, G.; Liu, Z.; Xu, Z. Barbell-shaped stir bar sorptive extraction using dummy template molecularly imprinted polymer coatings for analysis of bisphenol A in water. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016, 408, 5329–5335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, W.; He, M.; You, L.; Zhu, X.; Chen, B.; Hu, B. Water-compatible graphene oxide/molecularly imprinted polymer coated stir bar sorptive extraction of propranolol from urine samples followed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2016, 1443, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.; Yang, Z.; Chen, N.; Zhu, W.; Hong, J.; Huang, C.; Zhou, X. Vanillin-molecularly targeted extraction of stir bar based on magnetic field induced self-assembly of multifunctional Fe3O4@Polyaniline nanoparticles for detection of vanilla-flavor enhancers in infant milk powders. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2015, 442, 22–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kawaguchi, M.; Ito, R.; Honda, H.; Endo, N.; Okanouchi, N.; Saito, K.; Seto, Y.; Nakazawa, H. Determination of urinary triclosan by stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2008, 875, 577–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, J.X.; Soini, H.A.; Bruce, K.E.; Wiesler, D.; Woodley, S.K.; Baum, M.J.; Novotny, M.V. Putative chemosignals of the ferret (Mustela furo) associated with individual and gender recognition. Chem. Senses 2005, 30, 727–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kassem, M.G. Stir bar sorptive extraction for central nervous system drugs from biological fluids. Arab. J. Chem. 2011, 4, 25–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rezaee, M.; Mashayekhi, H.A. Solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as an efficient and simple method for the determination of carbamazepine in biological samples. Anal. Methods 2012, 4, 2887–2892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hashemi, S.H.; Kaykhaii, M. Nanoparticle coatings for stir bar sorptive extraction, synthesis, characterization and application. Talanta 2021, 221, 121568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, B.; Sauvé, G.; Iovu, M.C.; Jeffries-El, M.; Zhang, R.; Cooper, J.; Santhanam, S.; Schultz, L.; Revelli, J.C.; Kusne, A.G.; et al. Volatile organic compound detection using nanostructured copolymers. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 1598–1602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Souza-Silva, É.A.; Jiang, R.; Rodríguez-Lafuente, A.; Gionfriddo, E.; Pawliszyn, J. A critical review of the state of the art of solid-phase microextraction of complex matrices I. Environmental analysis. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2015, 71, 224–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, Z.Y.; Wang, G.; Yan, X.P. MOF-5 metal-organic framework as sorbent for in-field sampling and preconcentration in combination with thermal desorption GC/MS for determination of atmospheric formaldehyde. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 1365–1370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vellingiri, K.; Szulejko, J.E.; Kumar, P.; Kwon, E.E.; Kim, K.H.; Deep, A.; Boukhvalov, D.W.; Brown, R.J.C. Metal organic frameworks as sorption media for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds at ambient conditions. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, C.Y.; Song, M.; Gu, Z.Y.; Wang, H.F.; Yan, X.P. Probing the adsorption characteristic of metal-organic framework MIL-101 for volatile organic compounds by quartz crystal microbalance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4490–4496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heidari, M.; Bahrami, A.; Ghiasvand, A.R.; Rafiei Emam, M.; Shahna, F.G.; Soltanian, A.R. Graphene packed needle trap device as a novel field sampler for determination of perchloroethylene in the air of dry cleaning establishments. Talanta 2015, 131, 142–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heidari, M.; Bahrami, A.; Ghiasvand, A.R.; Shahna, F.G.; Soltanian, A.R. A novel needle trap device with single wall carbon nanotubes sol–gel sorbent packed for sampling and analysis of volatile organohalogen compounds in air. Talanta 2012, 101, 314–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heidari, M.; Bahrami, A.; Ghiasvand, A.R.; Shahna, F.G.; Soltanian, A.R. A needle trap device packed with a sol-gel derived, multi-walled carbon nanotubes/silica composite for sampling and analysis of volatile organohalogen compounds in air. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 785, 67–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, C.; He, M.; Chen, B.; Hu, B. Simultaneous determination of polar and apolar compounds in environmental samples by a polyaniline/hydroxyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite-coated stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1394, 36–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, S.; Du, Z.; Li, G. Metal-organic framework-199/graphite oxide hybrid composites coated solid-phase microextraction fibers coupled with gas chromatography for determination of organochlorine pesticides from complicated samples. Talanta 2013, 115, 32–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.Y.; Yang, C.X.; Yan, X.P. Fabrication of metal-organic framework MIL-88B films on stainless steel fibers for solid-phase microextraction of polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Chromatogr. A 2014, 1334, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arnnok, P.; Patdhanagul, N.; Burakham, R. Dispersive solid-phase extraction using polyaniline-modified zeolite NaY as a new sorbent for multiresidue analysis of pesticides in food and environmental samples. Talanta 2017, 164, 651–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Z.; Li, W.; Liu, B.; Liang, F.; He, H.; Yang, S.; Sun, C. Nano-structured polyaniline-ionic liquid composite film coated steel wire for headspace solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides in water. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218, 6285–6291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salisaeng, P.; Arnnok, P.; Patdhanagul, N.; Burakham, R. Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction Using CTAB-Modified Zeolite NaY Sorbent Coupled with HPLC for the Determination of Carbamate Insecticides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2016, 64, 2145–2152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bagheri, H.; Alipour, N.; Ayazi, Z. Multiresidue determination of pesticides from aquatic media using polyaniline nanowires network as highly efficient sorbent for microextraction in packed syringe. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 740, 43–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, J.; Xiao, R.; Li, J.; Yu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, L. Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples by solid-phase extraction using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbent coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217, 5462–5469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Mwadini, M.A.; Chen, Z. Polytetrafluoroethylene-jacketed stirrer modified with graphene oxide and polydopamine for the efficient extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Sep. Sci. 2016, 39, 4011–4018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, Q.; Lei, M.; Li, J.; Zhao, K.; Liu, Y. Determination of 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol from environmental waters by magnetic solid phase extraction with Fe@MgAl-layered double hydroxides nanoparticles as the adsorbents prior to high performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2016, 1441, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, X.J.; Wang, G.N.; Yang, K.; Liu, H.Z.; Wang, J.P. Determination of Tetracyclines in Milk by Graphene-Based Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal. Lett. 2017, 50, 641–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Toffoli, A.L.; Maciel, E.V.S.; Fumes, B.H.; Lanças, F.M. The role of graphene-based sorbents in modern sample preparation techniques. J. Sep. Sci. 2018, 41, 288–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sereshti, H.; Vasheghani Farahani, M.; Baghdadi, M. Trace determination of chromium(VI) in environmental water samples using innovative thermally reduced graphene (TRG) modified SiO2 adsorbent for solid phase extraction and UV-vis spectrophotometry. Talanta 2016, 146, 662–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, W.; He, M.; Wu, X.; Chen, B.; Hu, B. Graphene oxide/polyethyleneglycol composite coated stir bar for sorptive extraction of fluoroquinolones from chicken muscle and liver. J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1418, 36–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, Z.; Zhang, S.; Huai, Q.; Xu, D.; Zhang, H. Methylamine-modified graphene-based solid phase extraction combined with UPLC-MS/MS for the analysis of neonicotinoid insecticides in sunflower seeds. Talanta 2017, 162, 300–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rezabeyk, S.; Manoochehri, M. Speciation analysis of Tl(I) and Tl(III) after magnetic solid phase extraction using a magnetite nanoparticle composite modified with aminodibenzo-18-crown-6 functionalized MIL-101(Cr). Microchim. Acta 2018, 185, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taghvimi, A.; Hamishehkar, H. Developed nano carbon-based coating for simultaneous extraction of potent central nervous system stimulants from urine media by stir bar sorptive extraction method coupled to high performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2019, 1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Editorial, G. Membrane reactors—Part I. Technology 2009, 743–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ekbatani Amlashi, N.; Hadjmohammadi, M.R. Sol–gel coating of poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes for stir bar sorptive extraction and its application to the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. J. Sep. Sci. 2016, 39, 3445–3456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Serhan, M.; Sprowls, M.; Jackemeyer, D.; Long, M.; Perez, I.D.; Maret, W.; Tao, N.; Forzani, E. Total iron measurement in human serum with a smartphone. AIChE Annu. Meet. Conf. Proc. 2019, 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Safaei, M.; Foroughi, M.M.; Ebrahimpoor, N.; Jahani, S.; Omidi, A.; Khatami, M. A review on metal-organic frameworks: Synthesis and applications. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2019, 118, 401–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khoobi, A.; Salavati-Niasari, M.; Ghani, M.; Ghoreishi, S.M.; Gholami, A. Multivariate optimization methods for in-situ growth of LDH/ZIF-8 nanocrystals on anodized aluminium substrate as a nanosorbent for stir bar sorptive extraction in biological and food samples. Food Chem. 2019, 288, 39–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, W.; Lin, F.; Yang, X.; Wang, B.; Lu, X.; Chen, Q.; Ye, F.; Zhao, S. Facile synthesis of magnetic carbon nanotubes derived from ZIF-67 and application to magnetic solid-phase extraction of profens from human serum. Talanta 2020, 207, 120284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Qiao, L.; Gan, N.; Lin, S.; Cao, Y.; Hu, F.; Wang, J.; Chen, Y. Electro-deposited poly-luminol molecularly imprinted polymer coating on carboxyl graphene for stir bar sorptive extraction of estrogens in milk. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2016, 1027, 50–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manousi, N.; Tzanavaras, P.D.; Zacharis, C.K. Bioanalytical HPLC applications of in-tube solid phase microextraction: A two-decade overview. Molecules 2020, 25, 2096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dargahi, R.; Ebrahimzadeh, H.; Asgharinezhad, A.A.; Hashemzadeh, A.; Amini, M.M. Dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction of phthalate esters from water samples and human plasma based on a nanosorbent composed of MIL-101(Cr) metal–organic framework and magnetite nanoparticles before their determination by GC–MS. J. Sep. Sci. 2018, 41, 948–957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, G.; Li, S.; Li, S.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, P.; Zhang, X.; Hou, X. A combination of computational-experimental study on metal-organic frameworks MIL-53(Al) as sorbent for simultaneous determination of estrogens and glucocorticoids in water and urine samples by dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction coupled to UPLC-MS/MS. Talanta 2018, 180, 358–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rocío-Bautista, P.; Martínez-Benito, C.; Pino, V.; Pasán, J.; Ayala, J.H.; Ruiz-Pérez, C.; Afonso, A.M. The metal-organic framework HKUST-1 as efficient sorbent in a vortex-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction of parabens from environmental waters, cosmetic creams, and human urine. Talanta 2015, 139, 13–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Type of NMs | Examples | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Carbonaceous nanomaterials | Graphene quantum dots | The nanostructured carbonaceous materials have shown exceptional behavior in extracting and preconcentrating trace-level organic contaminants prior to analysis. | [7] |
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) | Provide high chemical stability, more surface area, small pore size, hollow structure, and easy modification compared to conventional adsorbent materials. The adsorption efficiency of CNTs also depends on their purity, surface area, functional groups present on the surface, adsorption sites, and experimental parameters. | [7] | |
Graphene nanoribbons | Display a finite bandgap when their width is less than 10 nm, and their electronic behavior changes from semiconductors to semimetals as their width increases. | [8] | |
Graphene | High surface area, low cost, delocalized pi-electrons, easy modification. More effective adsorbent than CNTs and fullerenes. | [9] | |
Graphene oxide | The active sites of GO make easier the synthesis of composite material. | ||
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) | Core–shell Fe3O4 polydopamine NPs | Nanosized particles having super magnetic properties, high surface reactivity, large surface area, high adsorption ability, and easily adjustable temperature. | [10] |
Iron oxide NPs | The adsorption capacity of MNPs can be enhanced through physical or chemical modification with complexing agents/organic compounds. | ||
Ion-imprinted polymer nanoparticles (NIPs) | Fe3O4@SiO2@IIP NPs; Ni–Fe3O4@IIP; Pb-IIP | Highly selective adsorbents for the preconcentration and extraction of template ions in a complex matrix. The selectivity of NIPs as adsorbents is based on the ligand specificity toward the metal ion, coordination geometry, coordination number of the ions, charge, and size. | [11,12] |
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) | Hybrid amine-functionalized | Have a high surface area, and different diameter and size of particles, and is easily modified due to the presence of silanes. | [13] |
titania/silica nanoparticles | The limitation of silica nanoparticles includes narrow pH band (pH 2–8), and chemical and thermal instability. | ||
NPs based on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) | TMU-8; TMU-9; MOF-199 consist of iron oxide nanoparticles-immobilized 4-(thiazolylazo) resorcinol (Fe3O4@TAR) | The pore shape and size make the MOFs highly selective and ideal adsorbents. Are easily dispersed and extracted from a sample mixture with the use of a magnet. | [14] |
Group | Examples | Description/Uses | |
---|---|---|---|
Inorganic oxides | Silica-bonded phases | Octyl-bonded silica Butyl-dimethyl-bonded silica Graphene oxide (GO) Amino-based silica | Have adsorbent properties with a high number of contact surfaces areas [18]. |
Alumina-based packing | Alumina-A Alumina-B Alumina-C | The most common applications of inorganic oxides are the isolation of polar pesticides from fats and oils [15,17,18]. | |
Synthetic magnesium silicate (Florisil®) | LC-Florisil Envi-Florisil | ||
Low-specificity sorbents | Silica-bonded Sorbents | Siloxane-bonded sorbents 3-cyanopropyl, 3-aminopropyl | Commonly used for isolation of pollutants from an aqueous solution. |
Low-specificity sorbents | Porous polymer sorbents | Copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene. | |
Graphitized carbon blacks and porous graphitic carbon | |||
Compound-specific and class-specific sorbents | Immunosorbents [19] | Based on molecular recognition by antibodies [2]. | |
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) | Used as synthetic analogs of immunosorbents. |
SPME Mode | Description | Types of Compounds that Can Be Analyzed |
---|---|---|
Direct immersion (DI-SPME) | Fiber coated with a sorbent directly exposed to the matrix. Analytes must go directly from the matrix to the sorbent. | Isolation of volatile compounds from biological matrixes. |
Complex biological matrixes: blood, urine, hair. | ||
Head Space SPME (HS-SPME) | Fused silica-fiber coated with adsorbent exposed directly in headspace above sample. | Preferred for semi-volatile compounds. |
Soil, food, and biological samples. | ||
Protective membrane SPME | DI-SPME used together with a protective membrane, which is used to prevent the diffusion of high-weight molecules in the extraction phase. |
Application | Examples | |
---|---|---|
Biological samples |
| |
Food samples |
| |
Environmental samples |
|
Types of Nanosorbents | Advantages | Limitations | Stability | Selectivity | Reuse Time | Extraction Time (min) | Recovery [%] | Applications | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Graphene | Large specific surface area; provides more adsorption sites and loading capacity; low synthesis cost; the technique does not require the application of pressure during the extraction procedure (mainly in the MSPE case) | The use of a material with large surface area may create large backpressure problems (for SPE, microextraction by a packed sorbent (MEPS), and on-line methods) | Good chemical stability under strong-acid, strong-base, and high-salinity conditions; stable mechanical properties | Specific selectivity depending on the modifiers/components used. | 50 | 50 | 80–113 | Applied in SBSE: extraction of PAHs, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), amino acids, and fluoroquinolones in environmental, food, and biological samples. Applied in MSPE: extraction of naphthols; Applied in SPE: Determination of tetracyclines in milk; determination of metals in environmental samples. | [54,83,84,85,86,87] |
Graphene oxide/graphene oxide frameworks (GOFs) | Good adsorption capacity for organic compounds, especially medium and polar compounds; the presence of functional groups in GO can interact with metals and organic analytes by electrostatic and hydrogen bonding; GOFs have a high specific surface area, multiple electronic properties, and high porosity; GO has a good dispersibility in most solvents and is easily lost during the extraction process. | The extraction efficiency is mainly low, and the kinetics is also quite slow (50–90 min) | Good mechanical stability | Specific selectivity depending on the modifiers/components used. | 50 | 50 | 75–115 | Used in SPE: extraction of fatty acids in seeds, insecticides in flowers; Used in MSPE: extraction of OCPs in honey and fruit juice, Determination of PAHs in oil samples; determination of metals in aqueous samples; Used in SBSE for extraction of amphetamine and methamphetamine in biological samples | [88,89,90,91] |
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) | CNTs have a tubular structure, high specific surface area, and hydrophobic surface, which are suitable for adsorbing nonpolar target analytes. | The specific surface area will vary according to the number of layers. It is characterized by insoluble properties in aqueous solutions and organic solvents. The extraction kinetics is usually slow. | High mechanical stability. | Through surface modification, e.g., amino, carboxyl and PEG, their surface-active groups can be increased to promote the EE of polar target analytes. | 30 | 30–180 | 70–120 | CNTs have been used as SBSE coatings to separate and enrich organic pollutants from different matrices (such as food, biological, and environmental samples) through π–π interaction, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interaction. Used in SBSE for the extraction of OCPs, herbicides, and PAHs in water and environmental samples, extraction of naproxen in biological samples | [56,92,93,94] |
MOFs | MOFs have available crystal properties, adjustable ultra-high porosity, large BET surface area (2000–7000 m2/g) and pore volume, uniform porous structure, abundant functional groups, and excellent photoelectric properties. Different metal centers and ligands are applied to produce MOFs as molecular building blocks, which results in a suitable flexibility for modifying physical and chemical features. Exhibit superior tunability of pore size and functionality | MOFs are sensitive to moisture, the structure is damaged owing to the occupation of water molecules. | High thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability | MOFs can be modified with chemical groups that uniquely affect the overall selectivity and sensitivity of the extraction process. | 10–140 | 30–90 | 85–110 | Hydrophobic interaction and π–π interaction enable MOFs to adsorb aromatic organic pollutants well. Applied in SBSE for benzylpenicillin in milk and biological samples; in HF-SBSE for phthalates in baby food; in SPE for the extraction of hormones from serum samples; in SPME for extraction of drugs in biological fluids | [56,57,95,96,97] |
MIPs | High adsorption efficiency can be observed through various mechanisms, including π–π interactions between the delocalized π–electron system of the target analytes and the aromatic rings, the sorbents, and hydrophobic interactions. A further increase in the affinity toward the target analytes can be achieved through functionalization of the MOF sorbent. | Low adsorption capabilities that may arise in aqueous media. | Stability can be modified by application of additives (e.g., graphite oxide and nanoparticles, etc.) and/or the deposition of the MOF on substrates. | It has specific recognition and selective adsorption capabilities for specific target molecules (template molecules) and their analogs. Exhibit strong affinity toward small organic compounds. | 50–120 | 10–180 | 80–110 | Applied in SBSE for extraction of estrogens and glucocorticoids from water, milk, and urine samples, for diclofenac extraction in seawater and commercial tablet samples; applied in vortex-assisted d-SPE of parabens from environmental waters, cosmetic creams, and human urine samples. Applied in MSPE for extraction of OPCs in urine, phthalate esters from plasma samples; applied in SPME for extraction of naproxen and its metabolites in biological samples. | [49,98,99,100,101,102] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Santoyo Treviño, M.J.; Zarazúa, S.; Płotka-Wasylka, J. Nanosorbents as Materials for Extraction Processes of Environmental Contaminants and Others. Molecules 2022, 27, 1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031067
Santoyo Treviño MJ, Zarazúa S, Płotka-Wasylka J. Nanosorbents as Materials for Extraction Processes of Environmental Contaminants and Others. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031067
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantoyo Treviño, María José, Sergio Zarazúa, and Justyna Płotka-Wasylka. 2022. "Nanosorbents as Materials for Extraction Processes of Environmental Contaminants and Others" Molecules 27, no. 3: 1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031067