Applications of Carbon Dots for the Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Strategies for CDs Synthesis
2.1. Synthesis Methods
2.1.1. Top–Down Approach
2.1.2. Bottom–Up Approach
2.2. Purification of Carbon Dots
2.3. Metal Doping, Modification, and Post-Processing of Carbon Dots
2.4. Synthesis of CDs-Composites for CO2 Reduction
3. Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
3.1. Metal-Free Catalysts
3.2. Metal/Transition Metal-Based Hybrids and Composites
4. Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
4.1. Metal-Free Catalysts
4.2. Transition Metal-Based Single-Atom Catalysts
4.3. Metal/Metal-Oxide Composites
5. Summary and Future Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | Major Products | Yield | Reaction Conditions |
---|---|---|---|
g-C3N4/carbon nanosheets [158] | CO, CH4 | 229 µmol CO/g 112 µmol CH4/g (in 7 h) | H2O |
Graphene Oxide [159] | CH3OH | 0.172 µmol/g·h | H2O |
Ni-PCD@TD-COF 1 [78] | CO, H2 | 956 µmol CO/g (in 2 h) 19 µmol H2/g (in 2 h) | ACN:H2O:TEOA 3:1:1 2 |
CDs-CN 3 [89] | CH3OH, CO | 13.9 µmol CH3OH/g·h 0.05 µmol CO/g·h | H2O |
CDs-FAT 4 [126] | CH3OH | 24.2 µmol CH3OH/g·h | H2O |
CDs-g-C3N4 3% wt. [103] | CH4, CO | 37.06 µmol CH4/g 68.8 µmol CO/g (in 10 h) | H2O |
CL@CDs/Cu2O [104] | CH4, CH3OH | 99.6 µmol CH3OH/g·h 8 µmol CH4/g·h | H2O, TEOA |
CDs/Cu2O [105] | CH3OH | 55.7 µmol CH3OH/g·h | H2O and dry ice |
N-CDs/LDH/g-C3N4 [88] | CH4 | 25.4 µmol CH4/g·h | H2O |
CDs/oxygen doped C3N4 [153] | CH4 | 1.2 µmol CH4/g·(in 8 h) | H2O |
GQDs-BNPTL [44] | CH3OH | 0.695 µmol CH3OH/g·h | H2O |
GQDs vs CDs [46] | CDs: CO | 400 µmol CO/g·h, | H2O |
GQDs: CH4 | 983 µmol CH4/g·h, | ||
N,S-CDs/TiO2 [72] | CO, CH4 | 1.838 µmol CO 1.195 µmol CH4 (in 6 h) | H2O |
GQDs-ANP 5/biocatalyst [160] | HCOOH | 198 µmol HCOOH (in 2 h) | H2O, TEOA |
CDs@PEG-Au [161] | HCOOH CH3COOH | 1.2 µmol HCOOH/g·h 0.06 µmol CH3COOH/g·h | H2O |
Catalyst | Electrolyte | Major Product(s) (FE, %) | Applied Potential (vs. RHE) |
---|---|---|---|
N-doped 3D graphene foam [169] | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO (85%) | −0.58 V |
N-doped graphene [170] | 0.5 M KHCO3 | HCOO− (73%) | −0.84 V |
N-doped nanodiamond/Si rod array (NDD/Si RA) [172] | 0.5 M NaHCO3 | CH3COO− (77.3−77.6%) | −0.8 V/−1.0 V |
Perfluorinated covalent triazine framework (CTF) [175] | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CH4 (99.3%) | −0.7 V/−0.9 V |
N-doped cylindrical mesoporous carbon [173] | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CH3CH2OH (77%) | −0.56 V |
B-/N-co-doped nanodiamond [174] | 0.1 M NaHCO3 | CH3CH2OH (93.2%) | −1.0 V |
N-GQDs [17] | 1 M KOH | CH4 (15%) | –0.86 V |
C2H4 (31%) | –0.75 V | ||
NH2-functionalized GQDs [100] | 1 M KOH | CH4 (70.0%) | −0.95 V |
Ni1-N/CNT [47] | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO (99%) | –0.75 V |
Cu-CDs [144] | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CH4 (78%) | −1.44 V |
porous Ag/CDs [106] | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO (83.2%) | −0.8 V |
Au NPs/N-GQDs [97] | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO (93%) | −0.25 V |
Bi2O3-N-GQDs [99] | 0.5 M KHCO3 | HCOO− (98.1%) | −0.9 V |
MoS2/N-CDs [154] | EMIM-BF4 (94 mol% water) 1 | CO (90.2%) | −0.9 V |
Co3O4-CDs-C3N4 [51] | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO (89%) | −0.6 V |
Au-CDs-C3N4 [50] | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO (79.8%) | −0.5 V |
Cu-GQDs nanocorals [52] | 0.5 M KHCO3 | HCOO− (68%) CH3OH (11%) | −0.7 V |
N-GQDs/Cu-nr [59] | 1 M KOH | C≥2 products (80.4%) C≥2 alcohols (52.4%) | −0.9 V |
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Domingo-Tafalla, B.; Martínez-Ferrero, E.; Franco, F.; Palomares-Gil, E. Applications of Carbon Dots for the Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2. Molecules 2022, 27, 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031081
Domingo-Tafalla B, Martínez-Ferrero E, Franco F, Palomares-Gil E. Applications of Carbon Dots for the Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031081
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomingo-Tafalla, Beatriu, Eugenia Martínez-Ferrero, Federico Franco, and Emilio Palomares-Gil. 2022. "Applications of Carbon Dots for the Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2" Molecules 27, no. 3: 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031081