Derivatives of Cinnamic Acid Esters and Terpenic Diversity in Volatiles of Thirty-Six Sand Ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) Accessions of Eastern India Revealing Quality Chemovars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Essential Oil Extraction
2.3. GC-MS Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Essential Oil Extraction
3.2. GC-MS Analysis
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Accessions | Locality | Province | Voucher Specimen | Longitude (E) | Lattitude (N) | Altitude (m) | Tmax (°C) | Tmin (°C) | A.A.P * (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K.g1 | Barunei | Odisha | 11,053 | 85°38′40′′ | 20°10′39′′ | 109 | 34.5 | 21.9 | 1500 |
K.g2 | Jagatpur | Odisha | 11,054 | 85°36′02′′ | 20°27′52′′ | 40 | 32.6 | 21.9 | 1515 |
K.g3 | Patrapada | Odisha | 11,055 | 85°45′37′′ | 20°14′34′′ | 47 | 31.7 | 21.9 | 1505 |
K.g4 | Berhampur | Odisha | 11,056 | 84°47′00′′ | 19°18′15′′ | 25 | 29.7 | 22 | 1194 |
K.g5 | Jalangi | West Bengal | 11,057 | 88°41′26′′ | 24°7′41′′ | 473 | 29.6 | 18.6 | 1459 |
K.g6 | Domkol | West Bengal | 11,058 | 88°32′49′′ | 24°7′31′′ | 23 | 25.4 | 22.8 | 1530 |
K.g7 | Krishnanagar | West Bengal | 11,062 | 88°28′55′′ | 23°24′04′′ | 19 | 30.9 | 18.9 | 1353 |
K.g8 | Karimpur | West Bengal | 11,059 | 88°33′24′′ | 23°28′15′′ | 10 | 30 | 18.6 | 1434 |
K.g9 | Narendrapur | West Bengal | 11,063 | 88°23′57′′ | 22°26′25′′ | 9 | 30.3 | 19.6 | 1645 |
K.g10 | Narayanpur | Assam | 11,064 | 93°49′58′′ | 26°56′31′′ | 83 | 32 | 20.8 | 1518 |
K.g11 | Berhampore | West Bengal | 11,065 | 85°14′59′′ | 20°05′40′′ | 23 | 30.7 | 18.7 | 1347 |
K.g12 | Kalimpong | West Bengal | 11,066 | 88°27′21′′ | 27°04′13′′ | 1067 | 22.1 | 12 | 2395 |
K.g13 | Sargachi | West Bengal | 11,067 | 88°14′58′′ | 24°01′17′′ | 24 | 30.7 | 18.8 | 1365 |
K.g14 | Jeypore | Odisha | 11,068 | 82°34′07′′ | 18°53′00′′ | 592 | 30.3 | 19 | 1587 |
K.g15 | Astaranga | Odisha | 11,069 | 86°16′12′′ | 19°58′48′′ | 8 | 29.7 | 22.1 | 1337 |
K.g16 | Daringbadi | Odisha | 11,070 | 84°7′60′′ | 19°53′60′′ | 914 | 32 | 4 | 1176.1 |
K.g17 | Phulbani | Odisha | 11,071 | 84°14′47′′ | 20°28′31′′ | 26 | 31.6 | 19 | 1323 |
K.g18 | Parelakhemundi | Odisha | 11,072 | 84°05′55′′ | 18°50′4′′ | 145 | 46 | 10 | 1925.6 |
K.g19 | Chariali | Assam | 11,073 | 91°44′45′′ | 26°10′20′′ | 51 | 39.5 | 14.1 | 2054 |
K.g20 | Jorhat | Assam | 11,075 | 94°13′12′′ | 26°45′0′′ | 116 | 28.9 | 16.6 | 2324 |
K.g21 | Similipal | Odisha | 1018/CBT | 86°15′26′′ | 21°51′41′′ | 622 | 32.4 | 20.2 | 1596 |
K.g22 | Paikamal | Odisha | 1019/CBT | 82°48′45′′ | 20°55′18′ | 273 | 35.2 | 20.4 | 1435 |
K.g23 | Lataguri | West Bengal | 1020/CBT | 88°46′49′′ | 26°43′10′′ | 123 | 27.9 | 16.9 | 3242 |
K.g24 | Lalbagh | West Bengal | 1021/CBT | 88°16′10′′ | 24°09′39′′ | 24 | 29.8 | 18.4 | 1343 |
K.g25 | Rahara | West Bengal | 1022/CBT | 88°23′13′′ | 22°43′33′′ | 12 | 30.5 | 19.5 | 1569 |
K.g26 | Basantapur | Odisha | 1023/CBT | 84°48′52′′ | 21°03′04′′ | 215 | 30.6 | 18.7 | 1540 |
K.g27 | Agarpada | Odisha | 1024/CBT | 86°20′30′′ | 21°12′36′′ | 42 | 31.9 | 20.6 | 1530 |
K.g28 | Chhatia | Odisha | 1025/CBT | 86°03′21′′ | 20°36′34′′ | 39 | 31.9 | 21.1 | 1519 |
K.g29 | Sainthia | West Bengal | 1026/CBT | 87°40′03′′ | 23°56′59′′ | 50 | 31 | 18.7 | 1328 |
K.g30 | Digha | West Bengal | 1027/CBT | 87°31′04′′ | 21°37′235′′ | 11 | 30.8 | 20.4 | 1519 |
K.g31 | Napaam | Assam | 1028/CBT | 92°49′31′′ | 26°42′14′′ | 73 | 28.8 | 17.5 | 1836 |
K.g32 | Thelamara | Assam | 1029/CBT | 92°35′09′′ | 26°41′40′′ | 77.1 | 28.9 | 17.3 | 1903 |
K.g33 | Tanganapara | Assam | 1030/CBT | 94°33′26′′ | 27°28′21′′ | 106 | 29 | 17.2 | 2111 |
K.g34 | Nilpur | Assam | 1031/CBT | 93°08′30′′ | 26°43′37′′ | 83.8 | 29 | 17.2 | 2326 |
K.g35 | Chinatoli | Assam | 1032/CBT | 93°59′18′′ | 26°29′06′′ | 102.4 | 29 | 16.6 | 2782 |
K.g36 | Athagarh | Odisha | 1033/CBT | 85°37′51′′ | 20°31′06′′ | 63 | 32.2 | 21.4 | 1484 |
Accessions | Province | Locality | Oil Yield (%) (Mean ± SD) a |
---|---|---|---|
K.g1 | Odisha | Barunei | 0.65 ± 0.03 |
K.g2 | Odisha | Jagatpur | 1.5 ± 0.03 |
K.g3 | Odisha | Patrapada | 0.63 ± 0.04 |
K.g4 | Odisha | Berhampur | 0.84 ± 0.04 |
K.g5 | West Bengal | Jalangi | 2.41 ±0.01 |
K.g6 | West Bengal | Domkol | 1.84 ± 0.05 |
K.g7 | West Bengal | Krishnanagar | 1.63 ± 0.03 |
K.g8 | West Bengal | Karimpur | 2.41 ± 0.04 |
K.g9 | West Bengal | Narendrapur | 2.35 ± 0.02 |
K.g10 | Assam | Lakhimpur | 0.92 ± 0.02 |
K.g11 | West Bengal | Berhampore | 0.51 ± 0.01 |
K.g12 | West Bengal | Kalimpong | 1.92 ± 0.16 |
K.g13 | West Bengal | Sargachi | 0.84 ± 0.05 |
K.g14 | Odisha | Jeypore | 2.3 ± 0.01 |
K.g15 | Odisha | Astaranga | 0.41 ± 0.01 |
Kg16 | Odisha | Daringbadi | 2.63 ± 0.03 |
K.g17 | Odisha | Phulbani | 1.33 ± 0.03 |
K.g18 | Odisha | Parelakhemundi | 0.76 ± 0.03 |
K.g19 | Assam | Chariali | 1.22 ± 0.02 |
K.g20 | Assam | Jorhat | 1.83 ± 0.03 |
K.g21 | Odisha | Similipal | 2.03 ± 0.06 |
K.g22 | Odisha | Paikamal | 1.63 ± 0.03 |
K.g23 | West Bengal | Lataguri | 1.23 ± 0.04 |
K.g24 | West Bengal | Lalbagh | 1.43 ± 0.02 |
K.g25 | West Bengal | Rahara | 1.22 ± 0.03 |
K.g26 | Odisha | Basantapur | 0.82 ± 0.06 |
K.g27 | Odisha | Agarpada | 1.24 ± 0.03 |
K.g28 | Odisha | Chhatia | 1.77 ± 0.1 |
K.g29 | West Bengal | Sainthia | 1.88 ± 0.01 |
K.g30 | West Bengal | Digha | 1.77 ± 0.02 |
K.g31 | Assam | Napaam | 2.01 ± 0.02 |
K.g32 | Assam | Thelamara | 1.98 ± 0.03 |
K.g33 | Assam | Tanganapara | 1.32 ± 0.03 |
K.g34 | Assam | Nilpur | 1.26 ± 0.03 |
K.g35 | Assam | Chinatoli | 1.31 ± 0.04 |
K.g36 | Odisha | Athagarh | 1.82 ± 0.05 |
(a) | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sl No. | Compound | RI a | RI b | Odisha | ||||||||||||||
K.g1 | K.g2 | K.g3 | K.g4 | K.g14 | K.g15 | K.g16 | K.g17 | K.g18 | K.g21 | K.g22 | K.g26 | K.g27 | K.g28 | K.g36 | ||||
1 | α-Pinene | 932 | 932 | 1.3 | 1.91 | 1.1 | 1.19 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.53 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1 | 1.3 | 1.25 | 1.45 | 1.2 | 1.31 |
2 | Camphene | 949 | 946 | 1.49 | 3.03 | 1.58 | 1.86 | 1 | 3.07 | 1.97 | 1.12 | 2.59 | 1.9 | 1.01 | 2.04 | 1.76 | 1.25 | 3.15 |
3 | δ-Carene | 1011 | 1008 | 8.59 | 10.9 | 8.28 | 9.64 | 1.31 | 7.87 | 9.97 | 5.1 | 12.28 | 9.37 | 6.5 | 5.12 | 3.17 | 8.56 | 10.06 |
4 | Limonene | 1028 | 1024 | 1.14 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1 | 1.04 | 1 | 1 | 1.14 | 1.8 | 1.76 | 1 | 1.41 | 1.64 | 1.67 |
5 | 1,8-Cineole | 1032 | 1026 | 3.23 | 3.64 | 3.08 | 2.37 | 1.51 | 6.03 | 7.13 | 3.76 | 5.35 | 1.62 | 4.12 | 3.17 | 4.13 | 2.09 | 4.12 |
6 | Borneol | 1170 | 1165 | 1 | 1.54 | 1.07 | 1.23 | 1.19 | 2.38 | 1.9 | 1.23 | 1.29 | 1.11 | 1 | 2.31 | 1.16 | 2.07 | 1.19 |
7 | β-Elemene | 1383 | 1389 | 0.33 | - | 0.68 | - | 0.16 | - | 1.03 | 0.99 | - | - | 0.89 | - | - | - | - |
8 | Cyperene | 1394 | 1398 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | - | - | - | - | 0.67 | - |
9 | n-Tetradecane | 1396 | 1400 | 0.23 | - | 0.2 | - | 1.03 | - | 0.22 | - | - | - | 0.76 | - | - | 0.13 | 0.12 |
10 | α-Gurjunene | 1402 | 1409 | 0.54 | 0.26 | 0.2 | 0.64 | 0.17 | 0.9 | - | 0.88 | 0.26 | 0.95 | - | 1.01 | 0.87 | 1 | 0.67 |
11 | Ethyl Cinnamate | 1467 | 1465 | 14.9 | 28 | 18.87 | 22.31 | 27.9 | 19 | 29.7 | 17.12 | 23.03 | 27.27 | 18.98 | 24.41 | 19.09 | 21.02 | 17.98 |
12 | Germacrene D | 1673 | 1484 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 1 | 1.11 | 1.21 | 1 | 1.31 | 1.16 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.87 | 1 | 1 |
13 | Pentadecane | 1504 | 1500 | 4.33 | 1 | 8.42 | 9.94 | 12.4 | 14.7 | 11.9 | 9.87 | 11.98 | 12.1 | 10.89 | 8.59 | 9.87 | 13.54 | 12.1 |
14 | 8,9 Epoxide Cadalene | 1677 | 1674 | 0.29 | - | 0.49 | - | 1 | 0.59 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
15 | Ethyl p-Methoxycinnamate | 1769 | 1760 | 31.8 | 33.9 | 25.36 | 38.79 | 41.13 | 29 | 25.35 | 31.25 | 20.14 | 30.26 | 27.32 | 30.98 | 28.76 | 31.41 | 32.4 |
(b) | ||||||||||||||||||
Sl No. | Compound | RI a | RI b | West-Bengal | ||||||||||||||
K.g5 | K.g6 | K.g7 | K.g8 | K.g9 | K.g11 | K.g12 | K.g13 | K.g23 | K.g24 | K.g25 | K.g29 | K.g30 | ||||||
1 | α-Pinene | 932 | 932 | 1.57 | 1 | 1.01 | 2.1 | 1 | 1.66 | 1.81 | 1.77 | 1.98 | 1.68 | 1.89 | 1.09 | 1.78 | ||
2 | Camphene | 949 | 946 | 2.67 | 1.14 | 1.2 | 2.59 | 1.9 | 2.57 | 2.63 | 2.75 | 3.71 | 2.4 | 2.18 | 1.21 | 1.32 | ||
3 | β-Pinene | 977 | 974 | 0.62 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 1.01 | 0.3 | 0.84 | 1.01 | 0.72 | 1.09 | 0.14 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.89 | ||
4 | δ-Carene | 1011 | 1008 | 8.29 | 10 | 9.9 | 12.28 | 9.37 | 10.38 | 11.98 | 6.91 | 7.09 | 10.09 | 5.87 | 8.67 | 6.32 | ||
5 | p-Cymene | 1021 | 1020 | 1.42 | 1.39 | 1 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.38 | 1 | 1.14 | 1.08 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
6 | o-Cymene | 1023 | 1022 | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | 0.84 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
7 | Limonene | 1028 | 1024 | 0.96 | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.32 | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 0.98 | 0.21 | ||
8 | 1,8-Cineole | 1032 | 1026 | 4.44 | 5 | 4 | 5.35 | 1.62 | 4.82 | 5.42 | 3.56 | 6.14 | 2.09 | 3.21 | 5.15 | 6.54 | ||
9 | Borneol | 1170 | 1165 | 1.8 | 1.01 | 1 | 1.82 | 1.11 | 1.81 | 2 | 1.54 | 1.89 | 1.6 | 2.19 | 1.15 | 2.3 | ||
10 | α-Terpinyl Acetate | 1350 | 1346 | 1.01 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 0.98 | 1.08 | 1.01 | 0.14 | 0.89 | 0.12 | ||
11 | α-Gurjunene | 1402 | 1409 | 1.19 | 1 | 1 | 1.01 | 1 | 1.31 | 1.16 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1 | 1.03 | 1.3 | ||
12 | Ethyl Cinnamate | 1467 | 1465 | 20.9 | 28 | 27 | 23.03 | 27.2 | 28.2 | 28.56 | 28.74 | 29.14 | 26.16 | 24.14 | 27.67 | 27 | ||
13 | Pentadecane | 1504 | 1500 | 12.5 | 10 | 12 | 11.98 | 24.93 | 10.6 | 18.01 | 10.33 | 9.09 | 12.47 | 8.78 | 7.14 | 11.78 | ||
14 | Germacrone | 1673 | 1693 | 1 | - | 0.45 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
15 | Ethyl p-Methoxycinnamate | 1769 | 1760 | 21.1 | 27 | 26 | 19.58 | 17.66 | 24.56 | 10.7 | 23.54 | 17.87 | 20.14 | 18.14 | 15.99 | 17.56 | ||
(c) | ||||||||||||||||||
Sl No. | Compound | RI a | RI b | Assam | ||||||||||||||
K.g10 | K.g19 | K.g20 | K.g31 | K.g32 | K.g33 | K.g34 | K.g35 | |||||||||||
1 | α-Pinene | 932 | 932 | 1.72 | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | 1.45 | 2.1 | 1.98 | 1.1 | |||||||
2 | Camphene | 949 | 946 | 2.31 | 4.32 | 2.99 | 3.7 | 2 | 2.5 | 4.65 | 3.1 | |||||||
3 | β-Pinene | 977 | 974 | 1.01 | 1.23 | 1.14 | 1.01 | 1.15 | 1.31 | 1.16 | 1.2 | |||||||
4 | δ-Carene | 1011 | 1008 | 11.76 | 10.5 | 9.87 | 11.2 | 7.1 | 8.13 | 9.45 | 10.13 | |||||||
5 | p-Cymene | 1021 | 1020 | - | - | 0.43 | - | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 1.9 | |||||||
6 | o-Cymene | 1023 | 1022 | 1.07 | 1.1 | 1.01 | 1.09 | 1.21 | 1.16 | 1.31 | 1.9 | |||||||
7 | Limonene | 1028 | 1024 | 1.08 | 1.19 | 1 | 1.03 | 1.16 | 1.31 | 1.22 | 1.7 | |||||||
8 | 1,8-Cineole | 1032 | 1026 | 3.51 | 5.21 | 3.21 | 3.76 | 4.64 | 4.12 | 3.99 | 3.5 | |||||||
9 | Borneol | 1170 | 1165 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.46 | 1.24 | 1.31 | 1.65 | 1.76 | 1.58 | |||||||
10 | α-Terpinyl Acetate | 1350 | 1346 | - | 0.4 | 0.23 | 1 | 0.89 | 0.67 | 0.22 | - | |||||||
11 | α-Gurjunene | 1402 | 1409 | 1.56 | 1.01 | 1.23 | 1 | 1 | 1.14 | 1.09 | 1.2 | |||||||
12 | Ethyl Cinnamate | 1467 | 1465 | 24.9 | 25.8 | 23.89 | 23.2 | 24.17 | 21.54 | 25.02 | 26 | |||||||
13 | Pentadecane | 1504 | 1500 | 14.52 | 10.12 | 11.54 | 13.1 | 12.46 | 11.24 | 8.14 | 12.1 | |||||||
14 | Ethyl p-Methoxycinnamate | 1769 | 1760 | 22.21 | 18.14 | 20.14 | 19.2 | 20.14 | 19.43 | 17.16 | 19.1 |
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Singh, S.; Sahoo, S.; Sahoo, B.C.; Dash, M.; Nayak, S.; Kar, B. Derivatives of Cinnamic Acid Esters and Terpenic Diversity in Volatiles of Thirty-Six Sand Ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) Accessions of Eastern India Revealing Quality Chemovars. Molecules 2022, 27, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031116
Singh S, Sahoo S, Sahoo BC, Dash M, Nayak S, Kar B. Derivatives of Cinnamic Acid Esters and Terpenic Diversity in Volatiles of Thirty-Six Sand Ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) Accessions of Eastern India Revealing Quality Chemovars. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031116
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Subhashree, Suprava Sahoo, Bhaskar Chandra Sahoo, Manaswini Dash, Sanghamitra Nayak, and Basudeba Kar. 2022. "Derivatives of Cinnamic Acid Esters and Terpenic Diversity in Volatiles of Thirty-Six Sand Ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) Accessions of Eastern India Revealing Quality Chemovars" Molecules 27, no. 3: 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031116