Applicability of Ash Wastes for Reducing Trace Element Content in Zea mays L. Grown in Eco-Diesel Contaminated Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Design
4.2. Methodology
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Eco-Diesel Oil Dose (cm3 kg−1 DM of Soil) | Ash Dose (g kg−1 DM of Soil) | Average | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | ||
Cadmium (Cd) | ||||||
Coal ash | ||||||
0 | 0.158 a | 0.182 ab | 0.187 ab | 0.207 ab | 0.226 ab | 0.192 A |
10 | 0.198 ab | 0.177 ab | 0.233 ab | 0.239 ab | 0.232 ab | 0.226 A |
20 | 0.179 ab | 0.230 ab | 0.203 ab | 0.237 ab | 0.256 b | 0.210 A |
Average | 0.178 I | 0.196 I,II | 0.208 I,II | 0.228 II | 0.238 II | 0.210 |
Sludge ash | ||||||
0 | 0.158 ab | 0.148 a | 0.186 abc | 0.220 bc | 0.218 bc | 0.186 A |
10 | 0.198 abc | 0.216 bc | 0.187 abc | 0.207 abc | 0.188 abc | 0.199 A |
20 | 0.179 ab | 0.217 bc | 0.250 c | 0.214 abc | 0.156 ab | 0.203 A |
Average | 0.178 I | 0.194 I,II | 0.208 I,II | 0.214 II | 0.187 I,II | 0.196 |
Lead (Pb) | ||||||
Coal ash | ||||||
0 | 0.462 a | 0.487 a | 0.385 a | 0.345 a | 0.366 a | 0.409 A |
10 | 0.473 a | 0.483 a | 0.480 a | 0.406 a | 0.363 a | 0.441 A |
20 | 0.362 a | 0.423 a | 0.459 a | 0.431 a | 0.348 a | 0.405 A |
Average | 0.432 II,III | 0.464 III | 0.441 II,III | 0.394 I,II | 0.359 I | 0.418 |
Sludge ash | ||||||
0 | 0.462 a | 0.455 a | 0.432 a | 0.434 a | 0.408 a | 0.438 A |
10 | 0.473 a | 0.363 a | 0.389 a | 0.475 a | 0.469 a | 0.434 A |
20 | 0.362 a | 0.402 a | 0.453 a | 0.431 a | 0.463 a | 0.422 A |
Average | 0.432 I | 0.407 I | 0.425 I | 0.447 I | 0.447 I | 0.431 |
Chromium (Cr) | ||||||
Coal ash | ||||||
0 | 1.062 a | 1.164 a | 1.329 a | 0.813 a | 0.888 a | 1.051 A |
10 | 1.192 a | 1.360 a | 1.239 a | 0.967 a | 1.068 a | 1.165 A |
20 | 1.760 a | 1.822 a | 1.267 a | 1.003 a | 0.770 a | 1.324 A |
Average | 1.338 I | 1.449 I | 1.278 I | 0.928 I | 0.909 I | 1.180 |
Sludge ash | ||||||
0 | 1.062 a | 1.087 a | 0.969 a | 1.204 a | 0.993 a | 1.063 A |
10 | 1.192 a | 1.186 a | 0.990 a | 1.205 a | 1.105 a | 1.136 A |
20 | 1.760 b | 1.252 a | 1.242 a | 1.307 ab | 1.363 ab | 1.385 B |
Average | 1.338 II | 1.175 I,II | 1.067 I | 1.239 I,II | 1.154 I,II | 1.194 |
Eco-Diesel Oil Dose (cm3 kg−1 DM of Soil) | Ash Dose (g kg−1 DM of Soil) | Average | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | ||
Nickel (Ni) | ||||||
Coal ash | ||||||
0 | 1.368 ab | 1.253 ab | 1.151 ab | 1.983 b | 0.818 a | 1.315 A |
10 | 1.338 ab | 1.29 ab | 1.160 ab | 1.396 ab | 1.068 ab | 1.251 A |
20 | 1.024 ab | 1.155 ab | 1.054 ab | 1.331 ab | 1.262 ab | 1.165 A |
Average | 1.243 I,II | 1.234 I,II | 1.122 I,II | 1.570 II | 1.049 I | 1.244 |
Sludge ash | ||||||
0 | 1.368 a | 1.530 a | 1.608 a | 1.710 a | 1.146 a | 1.472 A |
10 | 1.338 a | 1.229 a | 1.421 a | 1.747 a | 1.463 a | 1.440 A |
20 | 1.024 a | 1.093 a | 1.197 a | 1.680 a | 1.160 a | 1.231 A |
Average | 1.243 I | 1.284 I | 1.409 I | 1.712 I | 1.256 I | 1.381 |
Zinc (Zn) | ||||||
Coal ash | ||||||
0 | 10.78 a | 12.87 ab | 13.11 abc | 15.24 bcd | 16.11 bcde | 13.62 A |
10 | 21.72 g | 20.34 fg | 18.84 defg | 16.74 cdef | 17.10 def | 18.95 B |
20 | 20.18 fg | 19.98 fg | 21.17 g | 19.67 efg | 21.88 g | 20.58 C |
Average | 17.56 I | 17.73 I | 17.71 I | 17.22 I | 18.36 I | 17.72 |
Sludge ash | ||||||
0 | 10.78 a | 10.19 a | 11.22 a | 12.91 ab | 15.05 abc | 12.03 A |
10 | 21.72 c | 19.07 bc | 17.42 abc | 16.90 abc | 14.49 abc | 17.92 B |
20 | 20.18 c | 20.50 c | 16.55 abc | 19.39 bc | 20.38 c | 19.40 B |
Average | 17.56 I | 16.59 I | 15.06 I | 16.40 I | 16.64 I | 16.45 |
Copper (Cu) | ||||||
Coal ash | ||||||
0 | 0.828 a | 1.241 ab | 1.572 abc | 1.655 abc | 2.069 abcd | 1.473 A |
10 | 1.903 abc | 2.566 bcd | 2.152 abcd | 2.648 bcd | 2.566 bcd | 2.367 B |
20 | 3.145 cd | 2.897 cd | 2.483 bcd | 3.559 d | 2.731 bcd | 2.963 C |
Average | 1.959 I | 2.235 I | 2.069 I | 2.621 I | 2.455 I | 2.268 |
Sludge ash | ||||||
0 | 0.828 a | 2.400 ab | 3.559 b | 3.562 b | 2.731 ab | 2.616 A |
10 | 1.903 ab | 2.559 ab | 3.393 b | 3.062 b | 2.897 b | 2.763 A |
20 | 3.145 b | 3.062 b | 3.310 b | 2.814 b | 2.566 ab | 2.979 A |
Average | 1.959 I | 2.674 I,II | 3.421 II | 3.146 II | 2.731 I,II | 2.786 |
Eco-Diesel Oil Dose (cm3 kg−1 DM of Soil) | Ash Dose (g kg−1 DM of Soil) | Average | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | ||
Manganese (Mn) | ||||||
Coal ash | ||||||
0 | 45.22 b | 34.38 a | 39.23 ab | 33.48 a | 32.29 a | 36.92 A |
10 | 106.97 e | 99.06 cd | 105.82 de | 99.98 cde | 96.55 c | 101.68 B |
20 | 162.74 f | 159.19 f | 173.79 h | 170.55 gh | 163.91 fg | 166.04 C |
Average | 104.98 III | 97.54 I | 106.28 III | 101.34 II | 97.58 I | 101.54 |
Sludge ash | ||||||
0 | 45.22 a | 41.13 a | 38.31 a | 38.13 a | 37.27 a | 40.01 A |
10 | 106.97 bc | 112.98 c | 109.53 bc | 101.76 b | 99.02 b | 106.05 B |
20 | 162.74 f | 151.42 e | 137.98 d | 135.42 d | 132.67 d | 144.05 C |
Average | 104.98 III | 101.84 III | 95.27 II | 91.77 I,II | 89.65 I | 96.70 |
Iron (Fe) | ||||||
Coal ash | ||||||
0 | 33.66 a | 39.46 ab | 47.57 ab | 40.69 ab | 41.99 ab | 40.67 A |
10 | 50.29 b | 33.73 a | 36.75 ab | 49.53 b | 42.93 ab | 42.65 A |
20 | 72.07 c | 50.58 b | 43.48 ab | 42.43 ab | 42.07 ab | 50.13 B |
Average | 52.01 II | 41.26 I | 42.60 I | 44.22 I | 42.33 I | 44.48 |
Sludge ash | ||||||
0 | 33.66 ab | 35.00 ab | 40.36 ab | 40.75 ab | 41.85 ab | 38.32 A |
10 | 50.29 b | 37.39 ab | 36.30 ab | 48.87 b | 34.96 ab | 41.56 A |
20 | 72.07 c | 39.13 ab | 35.40 ab | 29.13 a | 35.83 ab | 42.31 A |
Average | 52.01 II | 37.17 I | 37.35 I | 39.58 I | 37.55 I | 40.73 |
Cobalt (Co) | ||||||
Coal ash | ||||||
0 | 2.561 a | 2.645 a | 2.829 a | 2.829 a | 2.863 a | 2.745 A |
10 | 2.511 a | 2.935 a | 2.714 a | 2.885 a | 2.860 a | 2.781 A |
20 | 2.788 a | 3.019 a | 2.543 a | 2.406 a | 2.446 a | 2.640 A |
Average | 2.620 I | 2.866 I | 2.695 I | 2.707 I | 2.723 I | 2.722 |
Sludge ash | ||||||
0 | 2.561 bc | 2.804 c | 2.234 abc | 1.911 ab | 1.858 a | 2.274 A |
10 | 2.511 abc | 2.518 abc | 2.455 abc | 2.340 abc | 2.322 abc | 2.429 AB |
20 | 2.788 c | 2.004 ab | 2.459 abc | 2.567 bc | 2.882 c | 2.540 B |
Average | 2.620 II | 2.442 I,II | 2.383 I,II | 2.273 I | 2.354 I,II | 2.414 |
Trace Elements | Pb | Cr | Ni | Zn | Cu | Mn | Fe | Co |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | −0.279 * | −0.185 | −0.175 | 0.362 ** | 0.364 ** | 0.299 * | 0.011 | −0.182 |
Pb | 0.063 | 0.203 | −0.131 | −0.127 | −0.092 | −0.319 * | −0.140 | |
Cr | −0.225 | 0.312 * | 0.177 | 0.412 ** | 0.495 ** | 0.244 | ||
Ni | −0.259 * | −0.015 | −0.282 * | −0.202 | −0.187 | |||
Zn | 0.292 * | 0.804 ** | 0.338 ** | 0.133 | ||||
Cu | 0.465 ** | 0.207 | −0.319 * | |||||
Mn | 0.332 * | 0.091 | ||||||
Fe | 0.159 |
Parameters | Unit | Coal Ash | Sludge Ash |
---|---|---|---|
Cadmium | mg kg−1 DM | 2.972 | 4.984 |
Lead | mg kg−1 DM | 94.47 | 190.49 |
Chromium | mg kg−1 DM | 16.87 | 75.18 |
Nickel | mg kg−1 DM | 328.20 | 95.44 |
Zinc | mg kg−1 DM | 54.49 | 940.09 |
Copper | mg kg−1 DM | 81.03 | 811.00 |
Manganese | mg kg−1 DM | 519.51 | 417.97 |
Iron | g kg−1 DM | 74.28 | 37.15 |
Cobalt | mg kg−1 DM | 248.05 | 47.70 |
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Wyszkowski, M.; Wyszkowska, J.; Kordala, N.; Borowik, A. Applicability of Ash Wastes for Reducing Trace Element Content in Zea mays L. Grown in Eco-Diesel Contaminated Soil. Molecules 2022, 27, 897. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030897
Wyszkowski M, Wyszkowska J, Kordala N, Borowik A. Applicability of Ash Wastes for Reducing Trace Element Content in Zea mays L. Grown in Eco-Diesel Contaminated Soil. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):897. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030897
Chicago/Turabian StyleWyszkowski, Mirosław, Jadwiga Wyszkowska, Natalia Kordala, and Agata Borowik. 2022. "Applicability of Ash Wastes for Reducing Trace Element Content in Zea mays L. Grown in Eco-Diesel Contaminated Soil" Molecules 27, no. 3: 897. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030897