Mechanistic Insight into Oxidative Stress-Triggered Signaling Pathways and Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Malicious Effect and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
3. Oxidative Stress, Reactive Free Radical Species and their Malicious Role played in Diabetes
4. Metabolic Pathways Significantly Involved in Free Radical Generation in Diabetes and Resultant Complications
4.1. Glucose Oxidation and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
4.2. The Polyol Pathway
4.3. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
4.4. Hexosamine Pathway
4.5. Diacylglycerol Formation and PKC Activation
5. Insulin Resistance, Insulin Secretion in Diabetes and Effect of OS on These Processes
5.1. Role of OS in Insulin Action and Resistance
5.2. Role of OS in Insulin Secretion
6. Crucial Role of Nrf2 in OS-Induced Diabetes
7. Summary
8. Outlook and Future Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organism | Antioxidants and Biomolecules | Elevation/Reduction in Biomarkers for Oxidative Stress | Target Tissue/Organ Affected by Oxidative Stress | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animals | Enzymatic antioxidants | SOD ↓ CAT ↓ GR ↓ GPX ↓ | Liver, Pancreas Liver Kidney | [53,54,55] |
Non-enzymatic antioxidants | Vit E ↓ Vit C ↓ | Liver Kidney | [55] | |
GSH ↓ GSSH ↓ GSH/GSSH ↓ | Retina Heart Kidney, Hippocampus | [56] [57] [58,59] | ||
Lipids | TBARS ↑ Lipid peroxide ↑ MDA ↑ | Kidney Kidney Kideny | [60,61] | |
DNA | 8-OHG ↑ 8-OHDG ↑ | Plasma Liver, Kidney | [62,63] | |
Proteins | Nitrotyrosine ↑ | Retina Kidney | [56] [64] | |
Reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species | ROS/RNS ↑ | Hippocampus | [59] | |
Humans | Enzymatic antioxidants | SOD ↑ CAT ↑ GPX ↑ | Erythrocyte | [65] |
Non-enzymatic antioxidants | GSH ↓ | Erythrocyte | [66] | |
Lipid | MDA ↑ F2-isoprostanes ↑ | Erythrocyte Urine | [67] [68] | |
DNA | 8-OHDG ↑ | Urine | [69,70] | |
Protein | Nitrotyrosine ↑ Protein carbonyl ↑ | Plasma | [71] [72] |
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Singh, A.; Kukreti, R.; Saso, L.; Kukreti, S. Mechanistic Insight into Oxidative Stress-Triggered Signaling Pathways and Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules 2022, 27, 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030950
Singh A, Kukreti R, Saso L, Kukreti S. Mechanistic Insight into Oxidative Stress-Triggered Signaling Pathways and Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):950. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030950
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Anju, Ritushree Kukreti, Luciano Saso, and Shrikant Kukreti. 2022. "Mechanistic Insight into Oxidative Stress-Triggered Signaling Pathways and Type 2 Diabetes" Molecules 27, no. 3: 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030950