Combined Analytical Study on Chemical Transformations and Detoxification of Model Phenolic Pollutants during Various Advanced Oxidation Treatment Processes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and AOP Treatment
2.2. Instrumental Analysis
2.3. Inhibition on Daphnia magna
2.4. Numerical Evaluation
- Complete theoretical conversion ‘C6H5–xOClx → a chosen product’ (a is 3 and 6 for oxalic and formic acid, respectively) is assumed, regardless of other chemical transformations and changes in the volume of test mixture due to sampling during AOP treatment.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Removal of Target Phenols, Mineralization, and Progressivity
3.2. Dechlorination of Chlorophenols
3.3. Transformation Products and Possible Degradation Pathways
3.3.1. General Identification
3.3.2. Monitoring of the Selected Products
3.4. Detoxification Estimated from Acute Ecotoxicity Tests with Daphnia magna
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
Abbreviations
References
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No. | AOP | Phenols | Approx. conc. (mg/L) | Solvent; Initial pH | Max. TT (min) |
1 | OZ | PHN | 10 | MQ; 8 | 60 |
DCP | 10 | ||||
PCP | 10 | ||||
2 | OZ | PHN | 50 | MQ; 8 | 8 |
DCP | 50 | ||||
3 | OZ | PHN, DCP, PCP | 10, 10, 10 (mix) | MQ; 8 | 3 |
4 | PC & PO | PHN | 50 | MQ, 8 | 180/300 |
DCP | 50 | ||||
PHN | 10 | ||||
DCP | 10 | ||||
PCP | 10 | ||||
5 | SQ | PHN | 20 | MQ; 8 | 0.2 (OZ); 180 (PC) |
DCP | 20 | ||||
PCP | 10 | ||||
6 | EO/BDD EO/MMO | PHN PHN | 50 50 | 2 g/L NaCl; 6 | 60 120 |
7 | EO/BDD EO/MMO | PHN PHN | 50 50 | 2 g/L Na2SO4; 6 | 160 160 |
PHN | TT0% | TT0–25% | TT25–50% | TT50–100% | >TT100% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OZ (50 mg/L) | |||||
OZ (10 mg/L) | |||||
PC (50 mg/L) | |||||
PC (10 mg/L) | |||||
PO | |||||
SQ | OZ | PC | PC | PC | |
BDD/NaCl | |||||
MMO/NaCl | |||||
BDD/Na2SO4 | |||||
MMO/Na2SO4 | |||||
DCP | TT0% | TT0–25% | TT25–50% | TT50–100% | >TT>100% |
OZ (50 mg/L) | |||||
OZ (10 mg/L) | |||||
PC (50 mg/L) | |||||
PC (10 mg/L) | |||||
PO | |||||
SQ | OZ | OZ | OZ & PC | PC | |
PCP | TT0% | TT0–25% | TT25–50% | TT50–100% | >TT>100% |
OZ | |||||
PC | |||||
PO | |||||
SQ | OZ | OZ | OZ & PC | PC | |
Mixture | TT0% | TT0–25% | TT25–50% | TT50–100% | >TT>100% |
OZ * |
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Kravos, A.; Žgajnar Gotvajn, A.; Lavrenčič Štangar, U.; Malinović, B.N.; Prosen, H. Combined Analytical Study on Chemical Transformations and Detoxification of Model Phenolic Pollutants during Various Advanced Oxidation Treatment Processes. Molecules 2022, 27, 1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061935
Kravos A, Žgajnar Gotvajn A, Lavrenčič Štangar U, Malinović BN, Prosen H. Combined Analytical Study on Chemical Transformations and Detoxification of Model Phenolic Pollutants during Various Advanced Oxidation Treatment Processes. Molecules. 2022; 27(6):1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061935
Chicago/Turabian StyleKravos, Aleksander, Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn, Urška Lavrenčič Štangar, Borislav N. Malinović, and Helena Prosen. 2022. "Combined Analytical Study on Chemical Transformations and Detoxification of Model Phenolic Pollutants during Various Advanced Oxidation Treatment Processes" Molecules 27, no. 6: 1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061935