Antioxidant Cardioprotection against Reperfusion Injury: Potential Therapeutic Roles of Resveratrol and Quercetin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Oxidative Stress
1.1.1. Oxidative Stress and ROS
1.1.2. Mechanisms of Ischemia/Reperfusion Cellular Damage
1.1.3. ROS Production in Ischemia/Reperfusion
1.2. Intracellular Organelle Dysfunctions Associated with Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
1.2.1. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS)
1.2.2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
1.2.3. Inflammation Mediated Damage
1.3. Mechanisms of Cell Death in Ischemia-Reperfusion
Ferroptosis
1.4. Apoptosis
1.5. Defense Mechanisms against Oxidative Stress
1.6. Nrf2 Signalling Pathway
1.7. Exogenous Antioxidants with Reported Cardioprotective Effects
1.8. Resveratrol
1.9. Resveratrol Cardioprotective Mechanisms
1.9.1. SIRT1 Activation
1.9.2. Ferroptosis Inhibition
1.9.3. Attenuation of Inflammation and Apoptosis
1.9.4. Nrf2 Activation
1.9.5. Reduced Mitochondrial Dysfunction
1.9.6. Other Pathways
1.9.7. Considerations of Safety in the Use of Resveratrol
1.9.8. Associations between Resveratrol and Other Antioxidants
1.10. Quercetin
1.10.1. Properties of Quercetin against Oxidative Stress
1.10.2. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Effects
1.10.3. Vasodilatory Effects
1.10.4. Associations between Quercetin and Other Antioxidants
2. Discussion
3. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Molecule | Cellular Mechanisms | Main Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|
Vitamin C | Reduction of ROS burst Down-regulation of NOX activity and prevention of eNOS uncoupling Reduction of intracellular Ca2+ overload Prevention of mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization | Antioxidant | [36,67] |
Deferoxamine | Iron Chelation | Antioxidant | [68,69] |
Curcumin | Activation of JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway | Anti-inflammatory Anti-apoptotic Antioxidant | [70,71] |
Ginsenoside Rb1 | Inhibition of ROS production in mitochondrial complex l (NADH dehydrogenase) Possible activation of Anti-apoptotic mTOR pathway Increasing GSH and NO expression | Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Anti-apoptotic | [72,73,74] |
Fisetin | Activation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway Reversion of mitochondrial dysfunction | Antioxidant | [75] |
Naringenin | Regulation of Nrf2 pathway and inhibition of ferroptosis | Ferroptosis Inhibitor | [76] |
Sulforaphane | Regulation of Nrf2 pathway | Antioxidant | [77,78] |
Molecule | Cellular Mechanisms | Main Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|
N-Acetylcysteine | GSH donation Increase in microvascular blood flow ROS Scavenger | Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | [79,80,81] |
Metformin | AMPK-dependent NOX4 suppression and eNOS activation Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation | Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Anti-apoptotic | [82,83,84] |
Rosuvastatin | Activation of Akt and GSK-3β Enhancement of superoxide dismutase activity Inhibition of mPTP opening Up-regulation of PPAR-γ and UCP2 | Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | [85] |
Dexmedetomidine | Down-regulation of ERS signaling pathways (PERK, CHOP, IREI) Increase of NO production via PI3K signaling | Anti-inflammatory Anti-apoptotic | [86,87,88] |
Melatonin | Free radical scavenging Activation of Nrf2 pathway Reduction of NFκB binding to DNA Inhibition of iNOS and cyclooxygenase expressions | Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | [89] |
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Rodrigo, R.; Retamal, C.; Schupper, D.; Vergara-Hernández, D.; Saha, S.; Profumo, E.; Buttari, B.; Saso, L. Antioxidant Cardioprotection against Reperfusion Injury: Potential Therapeutic Roles of Resveratrol and Quercetin. Molecules 2022, 27, 2564. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082564
Rodrigo R, Retamal C, Schupper D, Vergara-Hernández D, Saha S, Profumo E, Buttari B, Saso L. Antioxidant Cardioprotection against Reperfusion Injury: Potential Therapeutic Roles of Resveratrol and Quercetin. Molecules. 2022; 27(8):2564. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082564
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigo, Ramón, Catalina Retamal, Denisse Schupper, Diego Vergara-Hernández, Sarmistha Saha, Elisabetta Profumo, Brigitta Buttari, and Luciano Saso. 2022. "Antioxidant Cardioprotection against Reperfusion Injury: Potential Therapeutic Roles of Resveratrol and Quercetin" Molecules 27, no. 8: 2564. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082564